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. 2023 Jan 21;24(2):130–145. doi: 10.1007/s11864-023-01053-8

Table 1.

Autophagy-modulating agents under investigation for melanoma other than lysosomotropic agents

Agent Action Autophagy-related mechanism Refs
SAR405

Class III PI3K

(Vps34) inhibitor

Inhibit autophagosome formation [81]
3-MA

Class III PI3K

(Vps34) inhibitor

Inhibit autophagosome formation [82]
DCC-3116 ULK1/2 inhibitor Inhibit initiation of autophagy process Deciphera Pharmaceuticals
Trifluoperazine Anti-schizophrenic drug Inhibit autophagy flux [83]
Salinomycin N/A Inhibit autophagic flux [84]
Mdivi-1 Dynamin-related protein (Drp1) GTPase inhibitor Inhibit mitophagy [85]
Caloric restriction mimetics (CRM) Multiple Activate autophagy initiation signals [46]
GSK621 AMPK activator Activate autophagy initiation signals [86]
Everolimus (RAD-001) mTORC1 inhibitor Activate autophagy initiation signals [87]
Resveratrol CRM Activate autophagy initiation signals [88]
IMD-0354 Inhibit glutamine uptake and mTORC1 signaling Activate autophagy initiation signals [89]
C2-ceramide Phosphatase-associated proteins (CAPP) activator Activate autophagy initiation signals [90]
Trehalose Akt inhibitor Activate TFEB-induced autophagy-lysosome program [91]
Lithium Reduce Ins(1,4,5)P3 and inositol levels Activate phagophore nucleation [92]
Metformin Reduce tribbles Pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3) expression Activate autophagic flux [93]
Capsaicin NADH oxidase Induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent autophagy [94]
Melatonin ROS reduction Activate ER-stress induced autophagy [95]
Dendrogenin Liver X receptor agonist Transcriptional induction of autophagy [96]
Cannabinoid N/A Enhance autophagy-associated cytotoxicity [97]
β-β-Dimethylacrylshikonin N/A Activate autophagy-associated cytotoxicity [98]
Hernandezine N/A Activates autophagy-associated cytotoxicity [99]