Table 1.
Agent | Action | Autophagy-related mechanism | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
SAR405 |
Class III PI3K (Vps34) inhibitor |
Inhibit autophagosome formation | [81] |
3-MA |
Class III PI3K (Vps34) inhibitor |
Inhibit autophagosome formation | [82] |
DCC-3116 | ULK1/2 inhibitor | Inhibit initiation of autophagy process | Deciphera Pharmaceuticals |
Trifluoperazine | Anti-schizophrenic drug | Inhibit autophagy flux | [83] |
Salinomycin | N/A | Inhibit autophagic flux | [84] |
Mdivi-1 | Dynamin-related protein (Drp1) GTPase inhibitor | Inhibit mitophagy | [85] |
Caloric restriction mimetics (CRM) | Multiple | Activate autophagy initiation signals | [46] |
GSK621 | AMPK activator | Activate autophagy initiation signals | [86] |
Everolimus (RAD-001) | mTORC1 inhibitor | Activate autophagy initiation signals | [87] |
Resveratrol | CRM | Activate autophagy initiation signals | [88] |
IMD-0354 | Inhibit glutamine uptake and mTORC1 signaling | Activate autophagy initiation signals | [89] |
C2-ceramide | Phosphatase-associated proteins (CAPP) activator | Activate autophagy initiation signals | [90] |
Trehalose | Akt inhibitor | Activate TFEB-induced autophagy-lysosome program | [91] |
Lithium | Reduce Ins(1,4,5)P3 and inositol levels | Activate phagophore nucleation | [92] |
Metformin | Reduce tribbles Pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3) expression | Activate autophagic flux | [93] |
Capsaicin | NADH oxidase | Induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent autophagy | [94] |
Melatonin | ROS reduction | Activate ER-stress induced autophagy | [95] |
Dendrogenin | Liver X receptor agonist | Transcriptional induction of autophagy | [96] |
Cannabinoid | N/A | Enhance autophagy-associated cytotoxicity | [97] |
β-β-Dimethylacrylshikonin | N/A | Activate autophagy-associated cytotoxicity | [98] |
Hernandezine | N/A | Activates autophagy-associated cytotoxicity | [99] |