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. 2023 Jan 27;13:1552. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27726-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in the abundance of detrimental microbial VOCs metabolites, expressed as normalized scale from relative abundances with respect to the baseline (red line). The baseline absolute quantifications in mg/kg are found in the Supplementary Material (Table S3). Changes were recorded after 6, 18, and 24 h of in vitro fecal batch fermentations with HBPA, HB, FOS, and a blank control. Each plot is made with the raw data obtained from each time point and replica. Samples were analyzed in duplicate from two independent experiments (n = 4). Marker = mean; box = mean ± S.D.; whiskers = non outlier range; dots = outliers; asterisks = extremes. Cases with different letters or numbers or symbols among a single independent variable are significantly different according to Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). HB Hempseed bran; HBPA HB protein extract hydrolyzed by alcalase; FOS fructooligosaccharides; Blank Blank control.