TABLE 1.
Main characteristics of selected studies (n = 67)
| Study's characteristics | Patients' demographic characteristics | Patients' clinical characteristics | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author | Year | Country | Type of study | Sample size | Recruitment | Follow‐up (years) | Sex (%) | Age (M, SD) | Type of cancer | Stage of cancer | Dependent variable | Adjusted analysis |
| Goodwin 23 | 1987 | New Mexico | Retrospective | 27,706 | Tumor Registry | 5 | ND | ND | Various | I–IV | Marital status | Stage at diagnosis and definitive treatment. |
| Osborne 39 | 2005 | USA | Retrospective | 32,268 | SEER | 3 | Women | ND | Breast cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, ethnicity, SEER area, tumor size, stage, grade, estrogen receptor status, comorbidity index score, treatment variables, chemotherapy, census tract education level and census tract household income in quartiles. |
| Reyes Ortiz 57 | 2007 | USA | Retrospective | 14,630 | SEER | 5 | W (39.9), M (60.1), | 75.2 (6.9) | Melanoma | I–IV | Marital status | Age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, histology, site, stage at diagnosis and comorbidity. |
| Saito‐Nakaya 63 | 2008 | Japan | Prospective | 1230 |
Thoracic Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East |
5 |
W (29.7), M (70.3), |
ND | Non‐small cell lung cancer | I–IV | Marital status | age, BMI, education, PS, histology type, smoke stage, definitive treatment, and HADS‐depression adjusted. |
| Datta 28 | 2009 | USA | Retrospective | 19,982 | SEER | 5 |
W (25.8), M (74.2) |
60–80+ (ND) | Bladder cancer | II–IV | Marital status | Age, race, number of comorbidities, receipt of treatment, socioeconomic status, and teaching hospital designation, stage at diagnosis. |
| Patel 52 | 2010 | USA | Retrospective | 7997 | SEER | 5 | Women | ND | Cervical cancer | I–IV | Marital status | |
| Abdollah 26 | 2011 | USA | Retrospective | 163,697 | SEER | ND | Men | 63 | Prostate cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, race, socioeconomic status, tumor grade, tumor stage, lymph node stage, year of surgery |
| Baine 31 | 2011 | USA | Retrospective | 34,555 | SEER | ND |
W (48.6), M (51.4) |
69 | Pancreatic cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Gender, race, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, cancer‐directed surgery, radiation therapy and stage. |
| Wang 86 | 2011 | USA | Retrospective | 127,753 | SEER | 5 | W (52.5), M (47.5) | ND | Colon cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, cancer stage, race and surgery receipt. |
| Abern 30 | 2012 | USA | Retrospective | 20,245 | SEER | 10 | Men | 35.4 | Testis cancer | I–II | Marital status | Age, stage at diagnosis, Race, Histologic type, Year of diagnosis, Region |
| Tannenbaum 78 | 2013 | USA | Retrospective | 161,228 | The Florida Cancer Data System and Florida's Agency for Health Care Administration | 5 |
W (44.3), M (55.7) |
69.8 (11.2) | Lung cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Race/Ethnicity/SES, demographics + clinical + individual comorbidities. |
| Aizer 85 | 2013 | USA | Retrospective | 734,899 | SEER | 3.1 |
W (48.1), M (51.9) |
64.5 (13) | Various | I–IV | Marital status | Age, gender, race, income, education, residence type, stage, primary site and type of treatment. |
| Mahdi 66 | 2011 | USA | Retrospective | 49,777 | SEER | 2.2 | Women | ND | Epithelial ovarian cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, race, histology, stage, grade, lymphadenectomy and extent of surgery. |
| Brusselaers 22 | 2015 | Sweden | Prospective | 606 | Swedish Hospitals | 5 | M (80.4), W (19.6) | 23.9% <60, 76.1% > 60 | Esophageal cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, tumor stage, histology, major complications, comorbidity and surgeon volume. |
| Inverso 41 | 2014 | USA | Retrospective | 51,272 | SEER | 1.6 | W (25.1), M (74.9), | 61 (12.9) | Head and neck cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age at diagnosis, gender, race, income, level of education, residence type and definitive treatment. |
| Li 67 | 2015 | USA | Retrospective | 112,776 | SEER | 5 | W (48.6), M (51.4) | ND | Colorectal cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, race, grade, histotype and TNM stage. |
| Wang 65 | 2016 | USA | Retrospective | 13,370 | SEER | 1.1 | W (49.43). M (50.57) | 32.8% ≤60, 67.2% >60 | Pancreatic cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Primary site location, age, race, year of diagnosis, tumor size (cm), SEER stage |
| Zhou 36 | 2016 | USA | Retrospective | 18,815 | SEER | 5 | W (37.6), M (62.4) | ND | Gastric cancers | I–IV | Marital status | Age, race, pathological differentiation, histological type, TNM stage, surgery and radiotherapy. |
| Eskander 24 | 2016 | USA | Retrospective | 11,849 | Tumor registry | 1 | W (63.8), M (36.2) | ND | Various | I–IV | Marital status | Gender, age, insurance status, race; lung: surgery models, type of therapy and stage. |
| Shi 58 | 2016 | USA | Retrospective | 61,077 | SEER | 19 | W (78.1), M (21.9) | 47.7 (14.8) | Thyroid cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Gender, age, race, follicular vs. papillary, T3/4 vs. T1/2, N stage, distant metastasis, surgery procedure, lobectomy and adjuvant therapy. |
| Jin 68 | 2016 | USA | Retrospective | 18,196 | SEER | M = 2 (1–100) | W (36.7), M (63.3) | ND | Gastric cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, gender, race, tumor location, histological type, differentiated grade, stage, and year of diagnosis. |
| He 69 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 40,809 | SEER | ND |
W (25.4), M (74.6) |
47.1% <60, 52.9% >60 | Liver cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Gender, age, race, grade, hystotype, SEER stage, type of therapy |
| Adekolujo 40 | 2016 | USA | Retrospective | 3761 | SEER | 5 | Men | Married 64.8, Unmarried 65 | Breast cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, race, median household income, stage, grade, combined ER/PR status, histological type, and surgical treatment |
| Du 53 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 69,139 | SEER | M = 1.3 | W (24.0), M (76.0) | 67 (11.7) | Esophageal cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, gender, race/ethnicity, household income, histology, tumor site, SEER stages, therapy, and insurance status |
| Zhang (a) 62 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 16,910 | SEER | 5 |
W (44.0), M (56.0) |
26.0% <57, 74.0% >57 | Gastric cancer | I–IV | Marital status |
Site, sex, race, age, grade, histotype, TNM stage, surgery type and selection of radiotherapy |
| Miao 34 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 112,860 | SEER | 5 |
W (36.6), M (63.4), |
38.7% <60, 61.3% >60 | Kidney cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, race, grade, TNM, SEER stage, type of therapy |
| Li 60 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 6627 | SEER | 5 |
W (70.4), M (29.6) |
24.9% <60, 75.1% >60 | Gallbladder cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, race, grade, histologic type, AJJC stage, SEER |
| Rubin 51 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 65 | Boston University Medical Center | 3 |
W (18.5), M (81.5) |
61.58 (8.94) | Human papilloma virus‐positive oropharyngeal cancer | I–IV | Marital status |
age, sex, race, insurance type, smoking status, treatment, and AJCC combined pathologic stage |
| Wang 71 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 62,405 | SEER | 5 |
W (38.1), M (61.9) |
46.5% <60, 53.5% >60 | Renal cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, race, tumor size, laterality, SEER stage, grade |
| Hinyard 21 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 166,701 | SEER | ND | Women | 64.5 (24.1) | Breast cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Unadjusted analysis |
| Zhang (b) 35 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 15,598 | SEER | ND |
W (19.3), M (80.7) |
20.2% <55, 79.8% >56 | Esophageal cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, race, age, histology, grade, location, TNM stage, therapy |
| Wu 79 | 2017 | USA | Retrospective | 70,006 | SEER | M = 1.3 |
W (47.0), M (53.0) |
23.3% <60, 76.7% >60 | Non‐small cell lung cancer | ND |
Marital status |
Sex, age, race, diagnosis year, median household income, grade, TNM stage, histology, surgery, radiotherapy, radiotherapy |
| Alvi 87 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 1188 | SEER | 10 |
W (57.5) M (42.5) |
20+ (ND) | Spinal cord tumors | ND | Marital status | Age, gender, SES, insurance status |
| Chen 88 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 6582 | SEER | 5 |
W (49.0) M (51.0) |
18–70+ (ND | Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | Localized, regional, distant stage | Marital status | Sex, race, age histology, stage, surgery, radiotherapy |
| Liao 44 | 2018 | China | Retrospective | 457 |
Cancer registry dataset of the Kaohsiung veteran's general hospital |
5 |
W (7.7), M (92.3) |
ND | Oral cavity cancer | I–IV | Marital status | T‐category, N Category, differentiation, neck dissection, adjuvant therapy |
| Niu 72 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 133,846 | SEER | 5 |
W (24.2), M (75.8) |
78.5% >60+ 21.5% <60 | Bladder urothelial carcinoma | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, race, primary site, pathological grading, TNM stage, surgery |
| Wu 61 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 4001 | SEER | 8 | Women | Median 66 | Vulvar cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, race, grade, tumor stage, nodal stage, M stage, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy |
| Xie—a 73 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 43,324 | SEER | ND, ~10 |
W (42.6) M (57.4) |
ND | Astrocytoma | I–IV | Marital status | Age, sex, race, WHO grade, diagnosis year, median household income, surgery |
| Xie—b 74 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 30,767 | SEER | ND, ~10 |
W (42.0) M (58.0) |
ND | Glioblastoma multiforme | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, race, registry site, diagnosis year, education, median household income, insurance, laterality of cancer, surgery, metastasis, tumor size, SEER stage |
| Zhang 56 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 18,013 | SEER | 5 |
W (49.7) M (50.3) |
55.6% <60, 44.4% >60 | Soft tissue sarcoma | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, race, diagnosis year, pathological grade, tumor size, SEER historic stage, insurance status, surgery |
| Li 38 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 5196 | SEER | 5 |
W (30.7) M (69.3) |
65+ | Rectal cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, year of diagnosis, race, stage, grade, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery type |
| Wang 81 | 2018 | USA | Retrospective | 27,498 | SEER | 5 |
W (40.4) M (59.6) |
40.8% <60, 59.2% ≥60 |
Rectal cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, race, pathologic grade, histotype, adenocarcinoma, surgery, TNM stage |
| Liu 70 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 824,554 | SEER | 5 | ND | 68.6 (9.05) | Prostate cancer | ND | Marital status | Age, race, Gleason score, surgery |
| Chen 46 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 72, 984 | SEER | 10 |
W (54.2) M (45.8) |
18–75+ (ND) | Non‐small cell lung cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, race, age, histology, tumor stage, surgery, radiotherapy |
| Dong 82 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 39,387 | SEER | 5 | Women | Age range 18–80+, most 50–69 (ND) | Endometrial cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, diagnosis year, race, histology, grade of cancer (I–IV) |
| Liu 33 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 1342 | SEER | 5 | Women | 51.6% =56+; 48.4% <56 | Breast cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, race, grade, AJCC stage, Hormone receptor, HER‐2, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy |
| Luo 75 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 19,276 | SEER | Women | 62.98 (13.75) | Ovarian cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Race, age, histological types, diagnostic year, radiotherapy | |
| Osazuwa‐Peters 29 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 460 | Hospital Tumor Registry | 15 |
W (26.7) M (73.3) |
59.19 (11.33) | Head and neck cancer | Early and late | Marital status | Sex, race, age, alcohol use, insurance status, tobacco use, stage, treatment type, primary site |
| Qiu 84 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 2725 | SEER | 4 |
W (43.5) M (56.5) |
70.8% ≤50; 29.2 >50 | Osteosarcoma | I–IV | Marital status | Age, sex, grade, TNM stage, surgery |
| Simpson 83 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 71,799 | SEER | ND |
W (23.8) M (76.2) |
62.3 (12.1) | Head and neck cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Race, insurance status, stage, site, treatment, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, county‐level median income |
| Yan 80 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 1581 | SEER | 5 |
W (26.7) M (73.3) |
47.7% <60; 52.3% >60 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, race, age, year of diagnosis, TNM stage, Tumor size, radiotherapy, chemotherapy |
| Zhai 32 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 298,434 | SEER | 10 |
W (99.3) M (0.7) |
ND | Breast cancer | 0‐IV | Marital status | Age, sex, race, stage, grade, surgery, hormone receptor status |
| Rosiello 45 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 11,167 | SEER | 5 |
W (31.1) M (68.7) |
67.9 (ND) | Non‐metastatic urothelial bladder cancer | 0‐IV | Marital status | Age, ethnicity, SES, tumor grade, tumor stage, nodal stage, year of surgery |
| Zhang 76 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 31,895 | SEER | 5 |
W (34.9) M (65.1) |
55 median (18–64 IQR) | Renal cell carcinoma | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, race, tumor size, tumor grade, stage, surgery, insurance status, county level median household income, education, county percentage unemployment |
| Khan 27 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 3579 | Institutional cancer registry | 10.2 | Men | 60.4 (7.2) | Prostate cancer | I–II | Marital status | Age, race, comorbidity, log‐transformed PSA, Biopsy Gleason grade |
| Yang 43 | 2019 | USA | Retrospective | 925 | Chi‐Mei medical center Cancer registry | 5 |
W (42.5) M (57.5) |
65 (12) | Colon cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age at diagnosis, lymph node count, stage, grade, perineural invasion, circumferential resection margin, adjuvant treatment |
| Maas 47 | 2020 | USA | Retrospective | 36,578 | Florida Cancer Data System | 6–14 years |
W (41.3) M (58.7) |
62.5 (16.2) | Melanoma | Early and late stage | Marital status | Age at diagnosis, sex, insurance status, race, ethnicity, tobacco use, histology, staging, primary site, geographic are |
| Rachidi 77 | 2020 | USA | Retrospective | 73,558 | SEER | ND |
W (45.7) M (54.3) |
60.4 (15.8) | Cutaneous melanoma | ND | Marital status | Sex, race, stage, continuous age |
| Zhou 62 | 2020 | USA | Retrospective | 3947 | SEER | ND |
M (60.9) |
<older than 50 |
Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm |
Localized, regional, distant | Marital status | Age at diagnosis, sex, year of diagnosis, ethnicity, grade, tumor stage, size, surgery |
| Cai 54 | 2020 | USA | Retrospective | 4217 | SEER | 3.8 |
W (47.5) M (52.5) |
43.0% <60, 57.0% ≥60 |
Uveal melanoma | I–IV | Marital status | Gender, age, race, diagnosis year, SEER stage, surgery, median household income, registry site |
| Alyabsi 48 | 2021 | Saudi Arabia | Retrospective | 936 | MNG‐HA Cancer registry | 5 |
W (38.3) M (61.7) |
46.6% <59, 53.4% >60 | Colorectal cancer | Localized, regional, distant metastatic, other | Marital status | Gender, age at diagnosis, stage, pathological grading, tumor site, tumor morphology, chemotherapy status, surgery status, radiotherapy status |
| Ding 55 | 2021 | USA | Retrospective | 8834 | SEER | 5 |
W (18.9) M (81.1) |
56.7% ≤65, 43.3 ≥65 | Laryngeal cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, grade, race, histological type, surgery, AJJC stage, radiotherapy, chemotherapy |
| Liang 49 | 2021 | USA | Retrospective | 4933 | SEER | ND |
W (19.6) M (80.4) |
38.1% <60, 61.9% ≥60 | Liver cancer | I–IV | Marital status | Age, sex, race, grade, AJCC, SEER stage |
| Xing 50 | 2021 | USA | Retrospective | 3375 | SEER | ND |
W (41.3) M (58.7) |
53.2% ≤60, 46.8 >60 |
Mycosis fungoides | Localized, regional, distant stage | Marital status | Age, sex, race, T stage |
| Ai 37 | 2021 | USA | Retrospective | 1344 | SEER | ND |
W (60.7) M (39.3) |
52.9 (15.5) | Medullary thyroid cancer | T1–T4 | Marital status | Sex, age, race, tumor stage, nodal stage, metastatic, surgery |
| Wu 64 | 2022 | USA | Retrospective | 61.928 | SEER | 5 |
W (52.4) M (47.6) |
40.7% <65, 59.3% ≥65 |
Lung adenocarcinoma | I–IV | Marital status | Sex, age, race, grade, TNM stage, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, median household income |
| Ayaz 25 | 2022 | USA | Retrospective | 1561 | SEER | 2.6 |
W (42.0) M (58.0) |
55.73 (16.33) | Various | Local, regional, distant stage | Marital status | Age, race, sex, ethnicity, tumor type, primary site, grade, summary stage, number of primary tumors, laterality, use of radiation and use of chemotherapy. |
Abbreviations: Cl, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MMR, mortality rate ratio; ND, no data available; NS, non‐significant result; P, prospective l ongitudinal study design; R, retrospective longitudinal study design; RR, relative risk.