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. 2023 Jan 27;6:106. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-04442-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a A schematic depiction of virus injection and photostimulation (3 mW, 20 Hz, 5 ms). b A representative image of AAV2/9-CaMKIIα-hChR2-mCherry expression (red) in the MPA and the vPAG. Scale bar: 250 μm. c Fear extinction protocol with MPA-vPAG circuit stimulation. d A representative tracking of the center points of mouse during the extinction test. e The percentage of distance moved in the shock zone during the extinction test. The ChR2 group (blue, n = 8) and the mCherry group (black, n = 8; two-way RM ANOVA test, Holm-Sidak post-hoc analysis). f Time in shock zone during extinction test. The ChR2 group (blue, n = 8) and the mCherry group (black, n = 8; two-way RM ANOVA test, Holm-Sidak post-hoc analysis). g The number of entries into the shock-paired zone during the extinction test. The ChR2 group (blue, n = 8) and the mCherry group (black, n = 8; two-way RM ANOVA test, Holm-Sidak post-hoc analysis). h The percentage of freezing during the extinction test. The ChR2 group (blue, n = 8) and the mCherry group (black, n = 8; two-way RM ANOVA test, Holm-Sidak post-hoc analysis). i Modified focal zone-fear conditioning protocol. Photostimulation in a safe zone during exploration. j The percentage of distance moved in the shock zone during the extinction test. The ChR2 group (purple, n = 6) and the mCherry group (black, n = 4; two-way RM ANOVA test, Holm-Sidak post-hoc analysis). k The percentage of freezing during the extinction test. The ChR2 group (purple, n = 6) and the mCherry group (black, n = 4; two-way RM ANOVA test, Holm-Sidak post-hoc analysis). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. All error bars represent s.e.m. Further information on statistical analyses is given in the supplementary data 1.