TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants in NHANES 2007–2016
| Variable | Total participant, N= 13,746 | Non‐case, N = 12,144 | Cancer, N = 1602 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 12,242 | 55 (47, 63) | 64 (56, 71) | <2.2e‐16 |
| Age | 12,242 | <0.0001 | ||
| 40–59 | 7203 | 6774 (70.07) | 429 (41.61) | |
| 60–79 | 5039 | 4158 (29.93) | 881 (58.38) | |
| Gender | 12,242 | 0.1736 | ||
| Male | 5963 | 5348 (48.85) | 615 (46.27) | |
| Female | 6279 | 5584 (51.15) | 695 (53.72) | |
| Ethnicity/race | 12,242 | <0.0001 | ||
| Non‐Hispanic white | 5241 | 4378 (70.88) | 863 (87.03) | |
| Non‐Hispanic black | 2206 | 2046 (9.07) | 160(3.87) | |
| Mexican American | 2046 | 1939 (7.62) | 107 (2.39) | |
| Others | 2749 | 2569 (12.42) | 180 (6.70) | |
| Education | 12,237 | <0.0001 | ||
| Less than High school or equivalent | 3404 | 3141 (17.13) | 263 (10.30) | |
| High school or equivalent | 2693 | 2400 (22.32) | 293 (19.38) | |
| College or above | 6140 | 5386 (60.54) | 754 (70.32) | |
| PIR | 12,242 | 0.0024 | ||
| 0.00–1.30 | 4412 | 4003 (22.83) | 409 (18.78) | |
| 1.31–3.50 | 3993 | 3565 (30.54) | 428 (29.37) | |
| >3.51 | 3837 | 3364 (46.63) | 473 (51.84) | |
| BMI | 12,242 | 0.4506 | ||
| Normal < 25 | 3099 | 2752 (25.39) | 347 (27.33) | |
| Overweight 25–30 | 4720 | 3843 (35.73) | 427 (33.64) | |
| Obese>30 | 4873 | 4337 (38.87) | 536 (39.03) | |
| Physical activity | 11,958 | 0.0158 | ||
| Low | 8190 | 7283 (66.67) | 907 (69.70) | |
| Moderate | 2281 | 2046 (19.42) | 235 (19.76) | |
| High | 1487 | 1361 (13.91) | 126 (10.54) | |
| Smoking status | 12,242 | 0.0100 | ||
| Non‐smoking | 2920 | 2639 (23.83) | 281 (21.01) | |
| Passive smoking | 5793 | 5180 (43.27) | 613 (41.32) | |
| Active smoking | 3529 | 3113 (32.89) | 416 (37.67) | |
| Alcohol drinking | 11,526 | 0.0154 | ||
| Non‐drinking | 8711 | 7766 (71.47) | 945 (70.26) | |
| Low to moderate drinking | 973 | 841 (8.52) | 132 (11.89) | |
| Heavy drinking | 1842 | 1659 (20.01) | 183 (17.85) | |
| Hypertension | 12,242 | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 6839 | 6237 (61.28) | 602 (51.74) | |
| Yes | 5403 | 4695 (38.72) | 708 (48.25) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 12,241 | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 10,643 | 9596 (90.05) | 1047 (83.130) | |
| Yes | 1598 | 1335 (9.95) | 263 (16.87) | |
| Diabetes | 12,242 | 0.0077 | ||
| No | 9559 | 8579 (84.07) | 980 (80.95) | |
| Yes | 2683 | 2353 (15.92) | 330 (19.05) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 12,242 | 0.2768 | ||
| No | 5488 | 4883 (43.301) | 605 (43.67) | |
| Yes | 6754 | 6049 (56.69) | 705 (56.33) | |
| Self‐reported health | 11,355 | 0.1926 | ||
| Poor to fair | 3024 | 2683 (17.92) | 341 (18.55) | |
| Good | 4528 | 4023 (38.48) | 505 (41.37) | |
| Very good to excellent | 3803 | 3391 (43.60) | 412 (40.08) | |
| Total energy intake | 12,242 | 0.0064 | ||
| Low | 5739 | 5094 (40.66) | 645 (44.96) | |
| Adequate | 4384 | 3903 (39.22) | 481 (39.65) | |
| High | 2119 | 1935 (20.12) | 184 (15.38) |
Note: The continuous variables were analyzed by Wilcoxon test, expressed by the median (IQR); the weighted chi‐square test was used to analyze the categorical variables, expressed by the column percentage. A level of two‐sided p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IQR, Interquartile range; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PIR, poverty income ratio; SD, standard deviation.