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. 2022 Jul 19;12(2):1984–1996. doi: 10.1002/cam4.5043

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© 2022 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The study assumptions of the two‐sample Mendelian Randomization analysis between MDD and breast cancer. The assumptions including: (1) the genetic instrumental variables (IVs) should be significantly associated with MDD; (2) the genetic IVs should not be associated with other exposure‐results confounding factors; (3) the genetic IVs must only be through MDD and not through any other confounders to influence the breast cancer risk. The dotted lines indicate violate of the assumptions. BCAC, Breast Cancer Association Consortium; ER, Estrogen Receptor; GSCAN, GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use; MRC‐IEU, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit; PGC, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium; ReproGen, Reproductive Genetics Consortium; SSGAC, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium.