Table 1.
Skin aging and the role of l-lactate as a signalling molecule
| Type of study | Evidence reported | Action | Role as signaling molecule | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro rat skin fibroblasts |
Activity and expression of AMPK, master regulation of stress response Mitochondria biogenesis l-lactate intermittency protection of mitochondrial dysfunction Skin aging and senescence (via PGC-1α and autophagy) |
⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇓ |
l-lactate elicits ROS as signaling molecules via mitohormesis | Zelenka et al. (2015) |
| Review |
HIF-1α stabilization Promotion of IFN-γ and immune regulation |
⇑ ⇑ |
l-lactate in HIF-1α/PHD via ROS | Lee (2021) |
| Review | Promotion of brain function in aging | ⇑ |
l-lactate interacts with GPR81/HCA1 l-lactate signaling via ROS |
Mosienko et al. (2015), Cai et al. (2022) |
| HaCaT cells (keratinocytes) |
l-lactate from Lactobacilli action on senescent wound healing l-lactate from Lactobacilli action on keratinocytes migration l-lactate from Lactobacilli action on keratinocytes replication l-lactate from Lactobacilli action on inflammation |
⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇓ |
l-lactate as signaling molecule in immunity | Brandi et al. (2020) |
| Review | Histone lactylation in gene expression. A 'lactate clock' of endogenous origin in M1 macrophages challenged with microbes turns on gene expression to promote homeostasis | ⟺ | l-lactate as signaling molecule in lactylation | Zhang et al. (2019) |
| Observational study |
Epidermal and dermal firmness and thickness Lines and wrinkles |
⇑ ⇓ |
l-lactate as a signaling molecule in ROS biology | Smith (1996) |
| Review |
Maintenance of long term potentiation in neurons from astrocyte-derived l-lactate Brain plasticity and synaptogenesis Adaptation of brain caused by exercise |
⇑ ⇑ ⇑ |
l-lactate as a signaling factor in neuronal activity | Huang et al. (2021) |
| Review | l-lactate as a signaling molecule in regulating exercise | ⇑ | l-lactate as a signaling molecule in ROS biology | Nalbandian and Takeda (2016) |
| Review |
Brain plasticity and synaptogenesis Adaptation of brain caused by exercise |
⇑ ⇑ |
l-lactate as signaling molecule likewise BDNF | Müller et al. (2020) |
| Review | l-lactate in metabolic regulation | ⟺ | l-lactate as a signaling molecule in ROS biology | Pellerin et al. (2022), Wu et al. (2022) |
BDNF brain-derived neurotropic factor, HIF-1α hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha, IFN-γ interferon gamma, PHD prolyl hydroxylase, ROS reactive oxygen species, ⇑ activation (promotion), ⇓ inhibition (reduction), ⟺ modulation