Table 1.

Summary of application of NPs in the treatment of CNS disorders

Disease	Nanocarrier used	Drug loaded	Animal models/cell line used	Outcomes/effects/treatment	References
AD	Polysorbate 80-coated poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticle	Tacrine	Mice	Large amount of tacrine was found in the brain	[95]
	Poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles coated with polysorbate 80	Rivastigmine	Mice	A large amount of rivastigmine was able to pass through the BBB	[96]
	CPP (modified liposomes)	Rivastigmine	Murine BMVEC model	Rivastigmine liposomes especially CPP-Lp improve the brain delivery and enhance pharmacodynamics	[97]
	Fe2O3@CDs	Curcumin	PC12 cell lines	CUR-Fe3O4@CDs have a strong affinity toward Aβ and thus inhibit extracellular Aβ fibrillation. It also inhibits the Aβ-mediated production of ROS and neurotoxicity	[98]
	Chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs)	Sitagliptin	—	The use of SIT-CS-NPs was observed to increase the SIT levels in the brain by 5.07-fold in comparison with free SIT after administration	[99]
	Nanostructured lipid carrier	Transferrin functionalized nanocarriers	Endothelial cells of the brain	Encouraged expression of BCRP and P-gp, thus helping in clearance of amyloid β peptide on brain endothelial cells	[100]
PD	SLNs	Rasagiline	—	There were no changes in particulate matter, colloidal stability, and drug encapsulation effectiveness	[110]
	Manganese oxide-based nanoparticles	Levodopa	Pig and rat	The analysis indicates that perhaps the nanoparticle production of Mn2+ induced a time-dependent alteration	[112]
	Chitosan-coated nanoparticles	Levodopa liposomes	Rats	Endeavor to lessen the harmful effects of levodopa	[113]
	Chitosan-coated nanoparticles	Selegiline (Emsam) and rotigotine	Wistar rats	R-HCl transport toward the brain can indeed be strengthened, which could also help with therapeutics	[114]
	PHBV as well as T80-coated chitosan	Pramipexole	Mice	Substances that have recently been developed to reduce motor twitches for an instance safinamide as well as opicapone	[115]
	Graphene oxide	Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride	—	Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride showed sustained release behavior with release efficiency of 89–98%	[116]
	CNM-Au8	—	—	Protects motor neurons from death and severe damage in preclinical experiments	[118]
HD	Nanoparticles loaded with siRNA	—	—	Nanocarriers loaded with siRNA were administered from the nose directly to the brain to target the striatum and cerebral cortex	[121]
MS	Fluorescent phosphorhydrazone dendrimers	—	HeLa (human epithelioid cervical carcinoma), HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial) cells, and HEK 293 (human transformed primary embryonal kidney) cell lines	The dendrimer worked as an anti-inflammatory agent and was suggested for treating MS	[132]
	LiF-Nano-formulations with PLGA	—	CD4	LiF-Nano-CD4 was successfully able to pass through BBB and also exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in frontal cortex	[133]
ALS	Carbon graphene nanoparticle	—	—	Graphene-based nanoparticles may help in delivering miRNA for the treatment of ALS	[136]