Table 2.
Results for the overall analysis of the relation between problematic internet use and mental health outcomes
| Type of outcomes | No. studies | No. ES | Mean r | 95% CI | t value (sig) | % Var. at level 1 | Level 2 variance | % Var. at level 2 | Level 3 variance | % Var. at level 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressive symptoms | 131 | 159 | 0.313 | (0.299, 0.348) | 26.155*** | 2.449 | 0.003*** | 15.088 | 0.016*** | 82.463 |
| Anxiety | 67 | 91 | 0.277 | (0.252, 0.316) | 17.676*** | 4.851 | 0.001* | 5.806 | 0.015*** | 89.343 |
| Loneliness | 56 | 69 | 0.252 | (0.218, 0.298) | 12.899*** | 4.133 | 0.004* | 16.700 | 0.017* | 78.867 |
| Subjective well-being | 29 | 38 | − 0.213 | (− 0.270, − 0.163) | − 8.203*** | 0.833 | 0.025*** | 99.167 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Other mental health outcomes | 76 | 155 | 0.289 | (0.262, 0.331) | 16.895*** | 1.959 | 0.003*** | 13.252 | 0.021*** | 84.789 |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001