Table 1.
General characteristics of the included cases
| Trauma | Non-trauma | Both | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | 12,000 | 8,108 | 297 |
| Age: mean (SD) | 8.2 (5.2) | 6.2 (5.6) | 9.4 (5.5) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 7125 (59.4%) | 4146 (51.1%) | 153 (51.5%) |
| Female | 4549 (37.9%) | 3707 (45.7%) | 137 (46.1%) |
| Missing | 326 (2.7%) | 255 (3.1%) | 7 (2.4%) |
| NRS at EMS arrival: mean (SD) | 3.9 (2.9) | 0.5 (1.5) | 1.8 (2.2) |
| Missing | 986 | 1265 | 47 |
| NRS at EMS arrival > 4 | 4608 (38.4%) | 282 (3.5%) | 31 (10.4%) |
| Missing | 986 (8.2%) | 1,265 (15.6%) | 47 (15.8%) |
| NRS at hospital admission: mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.3) | 0.3 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.3) |
| Missing | 969 | 1,139 | 38 |
| NRS at hospital admission > 4 | 244 (2.0%) | 51 (0.6%) | 4 (1.3%) |
| Missing | 969 (8.1%) | 1,139 (14.0%) | 38 (12.8%) |
| Development of pain during EMS treatment*a | |||
| Pain reduction (= 1 scale point) | 925 (7.7%) | 144 (1.8%) | 19 (6.4%) |
| Effective pain reduction (> = 2 scale point) | 5501 (45.8%) | 382 (4.7%) | 48 (16.2%) |
| No change | 4,424 (36.9%) | 6,263 (77.2%) | 179 (60.3%) |
| Increase of pain (> = 1 scale point) | 86 (0.7%) | 32 (0.4%) | 3 (1.0%) |
| Missing | 1064 (8.9%) | 1287 (15.9%) | 48 (16.2%) |
*aDifference between NRS at EMS arrival and hospital admission