Table 1.
Comparison of general information of patients between the two groups
| Demographic characteristics | Traning (n = 282) | Validation (n = 70) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| ≦ 60 | 143 (50.71%) | 39 (55.71%) | 0.453 |
| > 60 | 139 (49.29%) | 31 (44.29%) | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 50 (17.73%) | 8 (11.43%) | 0.203 |
| Male | 232 (82.26%) | 62 (88.57%) | |
| Tumor site | |||
| Head of pancreas | 145 (51.41%) | 31 (44.29%) | 0.193 |
| The ampulla of vater | 68 (24.11%) | 17 (24.29%) | |
| Duodenum | 27 (9.58%) | 13 (18.57%) | |
| Biliary tract | 42 (14.90%) | 9 (12.85%) | |
| Degree of tumor differentitation | |||
| Benign | 41 (14.54%) | 12 (17.14%) | 0.620 |
| Highly differentitated | 23 (8.16%) | 4 (5.72%) | |
| Highly-moderately differentitated | 12 (4.25%) | 4 (5.72%) | |
| Moderately differentitated | 103 (36.53%) | 26 (37.14%) | |
| Moderately-poorly differentitated | 77 (27.30%) | 14 (20.00%) | |
| Poorly differentitated | 26 (9.22%) | 10 (14.28%) | |
| Blood type | |||
| A | 70 (24.82%) | 26 (37.14%) | 0.047 |
| B | 100 (35.46%) | 17 (24.29%) | |
| O | 68 (24.11%) | 21 (30.00%) | |
| AB | 44 (15.61%) | 6 (8.57%) | |
| Pian | |||
| No | 169 (59.93%) | 46 (65.71%) | 0.374 |
| Yes | 113 (40.07%) | 24 (34.29%) | |
| Jaundice | |||
| No | 139 (49.29%) | 41 (58.57%) | 0.164 |
| Yes | 143 (50.71%) | 29 (41.43%) | |
| Lost weight | |||
| No | 111 (39.36%) | 25 (35.71%) | 0.589 |
| Yes | 171 (60.64%) | 45 (64.29%) | |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | |||
| No | 233 (82.62%) | 52 (74.79%) | 0.112 |
| Yes | 49 (17.38%) | 18 (25.71%) | |
| Drinking history | |||
| No | 220 (78.01%) | 52 (74.79%) | 0.505 |
| Yes | 62 (21.89%) | 18 (25.71%) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 195 (69.15%) | 49 (70.00%) | 0.890 |
| Yes | 87 (30.85%) | 21 (30.00%) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 228 (80.85%) | 59 (84.29%) | 0.507 |
| Yes | 54 (19.15%) | 11 (15.71%) | |
| Hepatitis B | |||
| No | 276 (97.87%) | 68 (97.14%) | 0.714 |
| Yes | 6 (2.13%) | 2 (2.86%) | |
| Hepatitis C | |||
| No | 280 (99.29%) | 69 (98.57%) | 0.487 |
| Yes | 2 (0.71%) | 1 (1.43%) | |
| Operative method | |||
| PD | 217 (76.95%) | 56 (80.00%) | 0.458 |
| LPD | 39 (13.83%) | 6 (8.57%) | |
| LPD + PD | 26 (9.22%) | 8 (11.43%) | |
| Intraoperative bleeding (> 500 ml) | |||
| No | 157 (55.67%) | 39 (55.71%) | 0.995 |
| Yes | 125 (44.33%) | 31 (44.29%) | |
| Operation time (> 600 min) | |||
| No | 184 (65.25%) | 44 (62.86%) | 0.708 |
| Yes | 98 (34.75%) | 26 (37.14%) | |
| Blood transfusion | |||
| No | 169 (59.93%) | 40 (57.14%) | 0.671 |
| Yes | 113 (40.07%) | 30 (42.86%) | |
| Minus jaundice measures | |||
| No | 224 (79.43%) | 57 (81.43%) | 0.710 |
| Yes | 58 (50.57%) | 13 (18.57%) | |
| Vascular resection | |||
| No | 250 (88.65%) | 64 (91.43%) | 0.503 |
| Yes | 32 (11.35%) | 6 (8.57%) | |
| History of abdominal surgery | |||
| No | 202 (71.63%) | 54 (77.14%) | 0.354 |
| Yes | 80 (28.37%) | 16 (22.86%) | |
| Invasion outside the primary site | |||
| No | 172 (60.99%) | 40 (57.14%) | 0.012 |
| Yes | 110 (39.01%) | 30 (42.86%) | |
| Tumor size (≧ 3 cm) | |||
| No | 134 (47.52%) | 30 (42.86%) | 0.484 |
| Yes | 148 (52.48%) | 40 (57.14%) | |
| Blood vessel invasion | |||
| No | 163 (57.80%) | 45 (64.29%) | 0.323 |
| Yes | 119 (42.20%) | 25 (35.71%) | |
| Nerve invasion | |||
| No | 103 (36.52%) | 31 (44.29%) | 0.231 |
| Yes | 179 (63.48%) | 39 (55.71%) | |
| Lymphatic metastasis | |||
| No | 198 (70.21%) | 51 (72.86%) | 0.663 |
| Yes | 84 (29.79%) | 19 (27.14%) | |
| R1 resection | |||
| No | 245 (86.88%) | 50 (71.43%) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 37 (13.12%) | 20 (28.57%) | |
| Pancreatic duct dilatation | |||
| No | 122 (43.26%) | 29 (41.43%) | 0.781 |
| Yes | 160 (56.74%) | 41 (58.57%) | |
| BMI (≧ 25 kg/m2) | |||
| No | 179 (63.48%) | 42 (60.00%) | 0.590 |
| Yes | 103 (36.52%) | 28 (40.00%) | |
| HGB (≧ 120 g/L) | |||
| No | 101 (35.82%) | 29 (41.43%) | 0.384 |
| Yes | 181 (64.18%) | 41 (58.57%) | |
| WBC (≦ 10 × 109/L) | |||
| No | 28 (9.93%) | 5 (7.14%) | 0.474 |
| Yes | 254 (90.07%) | 65 (92.86%) | |
| Neutrophil count (< 6.3 × 109/L) | |||
| No | 55 (19.05%) | 15 (21.43%) | 0.718 |
| Yes | 227 (80.50%) | 55 (78.57%) | |
| Lymphocyte count (< 3.2 × 109/L) | |||
| No | 5 (1.77%) | 1 (1.45%) | 1 |
| Yes | 277 (98.23%) | 69 (98.55%) | |
| PLT (109/L) | |||
| ≦ 125 | 4 (1.42%) | * | 0.092 |
| 125–350 | 234 (82.98%) | 52 (74.79%) | |
| ≧ 350 | 44 (15.60%) | 18 (25.71%) | |
| CA19-9 (> 25 U/mL) | |||
| No | 119 (42.20%) | 30 (42.86%) | 0.920 |
| Yes | 163 (57.80%) | 40 (57.14%) | |
| PT(s) | |||
| ≦ 9 | 7 (2.49%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0.855 |
| 9–15 | 263 (93.26%) | 66 (94.28%) | |
| ≧ 15 | 12 (4.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | |
| APTT(s) | |||
| ≦ 23 | 1 (0.35%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0.546 |
| 23–38 | 258 (91.48%) | 64 (91.43%) | |
| ≧ 38 | 23 (8.16%) | 5 (7.14%) | |
| PT% | |||
| ≦ 75 | 66 (23.40%) | 7 (10.00%) | 0.041 |
| 75–120 | 187 (66.31%) | 53 (75.71%) | |
| ≧ 120 | 29 (10.28%) | 10 (14.28%) | |
| AST/ALT | |||
| ≦ 1 | 148 (52.48%) | 42 (60.00%) | 0.259 |
| > 1 | 134 (47.52%) | 28 (40.00%) | |
| Albumin (> 35 g/L) | |||
| No | 88 (31.21%) | 28 (40.00%) | 0.161 |
| Yes | 194 (68.79%) | 42 (60.00%) | |
| TBIL (> 22 µmmol/L) | |||
| No | 91 (32.27%) | 28 (40.00%) | 0.221 |
| Yes | 191 (67.73%) | 42 (60.00%) | |
| TG (≧1.69 mmol/L) | |||
| No | 126 (44.68%) | 32 (45.71%) | 0.876 |
| Yes | 156 (55.32%) | 38 (54.29%) | |
| PCT (< 0.05 ng/mL) | |||
| No | 237 (84.04%) | 62 (88.57%) | 0.343 |
| Yes | 45 (15.96%) | 8 (11.43%) |
LPD laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy, PD open pancreatoduodenectomy, PT prothrombin time, BMI body mass index, HGB hemoglobinopathies, WBC white blood cells, PLT platelet, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, AST/ALT the aspartat aminotransferase (AST)/alanin aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, TBIL total bilirubin, TG triglyceride, PCT procalcitonin