Table 3.
Effects of standardized average maternal urinary fluoride (MUF), infant fluoride intake (IFI) and child urinary fluoride (CUF) on age-normed IQ scores using GEE. B (95% CI) reported.
| Males (n = 291)a | Females (n = 305)b | Overall (N = 596)c | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FSIQ | |||
| MUF | −1.86 (−3.22, −0.49) | −0.23 (−2.06, 1.60) | −1.28 (−2.37, −0.18) |
| IFI | −0.01 (−1.67, 1.65) | −0.72 (−2.34, 0.89) | −0.38 (−1.53, 0.78) |
| CUF | 0.07 (−1.66, 1.80) | −0.41 (−2.07, 1.24) | −0.18 (−1.38, 1.02) |
|
| |||
| pint | .12 | .77 | .23 |
|
| |||
| PIQ | |||
| MUF | −3.01 (−4.60, −1.42) | −1.18 (−3.32, 0.96) | −2.36 (−3.63, −1.08) |
| IFI | −1.45 (−3.40, 0.49) | −2.71 (−4.59, −0.83) | −2.11 (−3.45, −0.76) |
| CUF | −1.49 (−3.50, 0.53) | −1.53 (−3.45, 0.39) | −1.51 (−2.90, −0.12) |
|
| |||
| pint | .01 | .01 | <.001 |
|
| |||
| VIQ | |||
| MUF | −0.25 (−1.57, 1.07) | 0.87 (−0.91, 2.64) | 0.15 (−0.91, 1.20) |
| IFI | 1.22 (−0.39, 2.83) | 1.31 (−0.25, 2.87) | 1.27 (0.15, 2.39) |
| CUF | 1.61 (−0.06, 3.29) | 0.63 (−0.98, 2.23) | 1.10 (−0.06, 2.26) |
|
| |||
| pint | .12 | .30 | .04 |
Note. N = 596. Covariates include maternal education, maternal race, total HOME score, age at urine sampling, and prenatal second-hand smoke. pint refers to the interaction between exposure timing and fluoride level. Estimates in bold are significant, p < .05 (p values corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method).
a
Males: IFI n = 218; CUF n = 211.
b
Females: IFI n = 214; CUF n = 223.
c
Overall: IFI N = 432; CUF N = 434.