Table 4.
Effect of 0.5 mg/L of average maternal urinary fluoride (MUF)a, 0.1 mg/day of estimated infant fluoride intake (IFI)a and 0.5 mg/L of child urinary fluoride (CUF)a on IQ scores using GEE. Unstandardized B (95% CI reported.
| Males (n = 291)b | Females (n =305)c | Overall Participants (N = 596)d | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FSIQ | |||
| MUF | −2.48 (−4.30, −0.66) | −0.31 (−2.76, 2.14) | −1.71 (−3.17, −0.24) |
| IFI | −0.01 (−1.25, 1.24) | −0.54 (−1.75, 0.66) | −0.28 (−1.15, 0.58) |
| CUF | 0.09 (−2.10, 2.28) | −0.52 (−2.62, 1.58) | −0.23 (−1.75, 1.29) |
|
| |||
| pint | .12 | .77 | .23 |
|
| |||
| PIQ | |||
| MUF | −4.02 (−6.15, −1.89) | −1.58 (−4.43, 1.28) | −3.15 (−4.85, −1.44) |
| IFI | −1.09 (−2.54, 0.37) | −2.03 (−3.43, −0.63) | −1.58 (−2.59, −0.57) |
| CUF | −1.89 (−4.44, 0.67) | −1.94 (−4.37, 0.50) | −1.91 (−3.68, −0.15) |
|
| |||
| pint | .01 | .01 | <.001 |
|
| |||
| VIQ | |||
| MUF | −0.34 (−2.10, 1.43) | 1.16 (−1.22, 3.53) | 0.20 (−1.22, 1.61) |
| IFI | 0.92 (−0.29, 2.12) | 0.98 (−0.19, 2.15) | 0.95 (0.11, 1.79) |
| CUF | 2.05 (−0.08, 4.16) | 0.79 (−1.24, 2.82) | 1.39 (−0.08, 2.86) |
|
| |||
| pint | .12 | .30 | .04 |
Note. The overall N = 596 includes mother-child pairs with at least one measure of (average) MUF, IFI, or CUF. Covariates include maternal education, maternal race, total HOME score, age at urine sampling, and prenatal second-hand smoke. pint refers to the p-value for the interaction between exposure timing and fluoride level. Bolded estimates are significant, p < .05 (p values corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method).
MUF is presented in 0.5 mg/L units based on the mean MUF = 0.53 mg/L; IFI is presented in 0.1 mg/day units based on the mean IFI = 0.14 mg/day; CUF is presented in 0.5 mg/L units based on the mean CUF = 0.51 mg/L.
Males: IFI n = 218; CUF n = 211.
Females: IFI n = 214; CUF n = 223.
Overall: IFI N = 432; CUF N = 434.