Table 3.
Relative risk (RR) for factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake, hesitancy and resistance among SSA locals and diasporans. The base reference was COVID-19 vaccine uptake for all variables
| Variable | LOCAL | DIASPORA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistant RR (95%CI) | Hesitant RR (95%CI) | Resistant RR (95%CI) | Hesitant RR (95%CI) | |
| Age in years | ||||
| 18 – 28 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 29 – 38 | 0.88 (0.66—1.18) | 1.18 (0.83—1.67) | 0.98 (0.15—6.50) | 2.17 (0.26—17.89) |
| 39 – 48 | 1.06 (0.76—1.47) | 1.03 (0.68—1.55) | 0.13 (0.03—0.65) | 0.22 (0.03—1.47) |
| 49 + | 1.27 (0.84—1.92) | 1.51 (0.93—2.46) | 0.17 (0.03—0.84) | 0.16 (0.02—1.12) |
| Sex | ||||
| Males | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Females | 0.73 (0.58—0.93) | 0.83 (0.62—1.10) | 2.13 (0.83—5.43) | 1.66 (0.53—5.25) |
| Region | ||||
| West Africa | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| East Africa | 3.05 (1.31—7.08) | 4.50 (1.83—11.02) | - | - |
| Central Africa | 0.73 (0.53—1.02) | 0.68 (0.44—1.05) | 1.58 (0.56—4.45) | 0.51 (0.09—2.76) |
| Southern Africa | 1.49 (1.12—2.00) | 1.54 (1.09—2.19) | - | - |
| Level of education | ||||
| Master’s degree and more | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.58 (0.43—0.77) | 0.57 (0.40—0.81) | 1.42 (0.64—3.17) | 0.79 (0.28—2.23) |
| Secondary/High School | 0.91 (0.62—1.36) | 0.82 (0.52—1.31) | 0.70 (0.14—3.40) | 0.81 (0.12—5.42) |
| Primary/Less | 0.22 (0.12—0.41) | 0.06 (0.01—0.25) | - | - |
| Occupation | ||||
| Non-healthcare | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Healthcare | 0.32 (0.25—0.40) | 0.30 (0.22—0.41) | 0.30 (0.14—0.67) | 0.59 (0.23—1.54) |
| Working status | ||||
| Employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unemployed | 1.40 (1.06—1.84) | 1.06 (0.76—1.49) | 4.0 (0.55—36.83) | 7.60 (0.84—68.97) |
| Marital/family status | ||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not married ǂ | 0.74 (0.58—0.95) | 0.76 (0.57—1.02) | 2.34 (1.02—5.41) | 2.54 (0.92—7.00) |
| Religion | ||||
| Christians | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Others | 1.10 (0.76—1.61) | 0.57 (0.34—0.97) | 0.79 (0.22—2.86) | 1.75 (0.43—7.18) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Ex-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Current smoker | 1.21 (0.62—2.36) | 1.60 (0.71—3.58) | 1.54 (0.14—17.33) | 8.0 (0.31—206.37) |
| Non-smoker | 1.01 (0.62—1.65) | 1.12 (0.61—2.06) | 0.61 (0.18—2.00) | 3.18 (0.34—30.10) |
| Have you been vaccinated for any condition | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.39 (0.26—0.57) | 0.46 (0.29—0.72) | 0.70 (0.18—2.76) | 0.75 (0.14—4.01) |
| Any pre-existing conditions§ | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.82 (0.60—1.12) | 0.84 (0.58—1.24) | 0.57 (0.26—1.25) | 0.44 (0.15—1.26) |
| Knowledge | 0.99 (0.97—1.01) | 1.03 (1.01—1.06) | 0.82 (0.73—0.91) | 0.87 (0.77—0.98) |
| Attitude | 0.96 (0.91- 1.01) | 0.96 (0.90 – 1.03) | 0.99 (0.80 – 1.24) | 1.15 (0.90 -1.46) |
| Perception | 0.88 (0.84—0.92) | 0.90 (0.85—0.94) | 0.77 (0.66 – 0.90) | 0.84 (0.70 – 1.01) |
If 95% confidence intervals (CI) around RRs that lies between 1 00 indicate not statistically significant. All comparisons were made against vaccinated pregnant women (RR=1.0)
ǂincludes single, divorced, and widowed
§includes the presence of any of the following conditions: cancer, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, kidney disease, any heart condition, sickle cell anemia