Table 2. Characteristics of the included studies.

No.	Title	Author(s)	Year	Setting	Study method	Journal	Study object(s)	Main Results on sexual violence preparedness	Quality assessment
1	Preparing for and responding to sexual and reproductive health in disaster settings: evidence from Fiji and Tonga	Dawson, A.et al.	2021	Fiji–Tonga	Qualitative study	Researchsquare	Identifying different approaches to capacity building and sexual health response in disasters and future investments	Based on the findings of this study, clarity about stakeholder engagement roles and education are very important in preparing and providing appropriate responses	Strong
48	COVID-19 and gender-based violence: reflections from a “data for development” project on the Colombia–Venezuela border	Zulver, J. M.	2021	Colombia-Venezuela	Conversation	International Feminist Journal of Politics	Investigating the role of feminist research in responding to global health crises	Gender data kit is an information communication technology for responding to GBV reports from affected women, and planning and providing effective services	Strong
32	WHO runs the world–(not) girls: gender neglect during global health emergencies	Wenham, C.	2021	UK	Report	International Feminist Journal of Politics	Identifying the WHO organizational responsibility in policy-making and implementation of prevention, diagnosis and response to sexually transmitted diseases	Providing three suggestions for reforming formal and informal gender emergencies, including: -Developing a gender-based analytical framework for rapid response processes to understand the risk of epidemics. -Ensuring the presence of gender advocates in decision-making bodies to prepare for and respond to the epidemic. -Adding feminist methods to evidence gathering tools to inform policy institutions about epidemic outbreaks	Strong
51	The dark shadow pandemic – assault and sexual violence during COVID-19	Sasidharan, S.	2021	Congo	Short communication	Journal of Medical Sciences (Taiwan)	Investigating the impact of epidemics on increasing domestic violence and sexual violence	-Paying special attention to vulnerable groups, such as the disabled, poor women, the elderly, etc. in preparedness programs to provide sexual violence treatment services -Safe use of mobile health and telemedicine to support people in the face of sexual violence	Strong
36	The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence in the United States: Framework and policy recommendations	Rieger, Agnes	2021	America	Observational	Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy	Investigation of GBV risk exacerbation in the socio-ecological model of COVID-19 crisis	GBV interventions in the field of COVID-19 should be increased by considering access to social levels to mental health services.	Moderate
59	RHCC intervention: strengthening the delivery and coverage of sexual and reproductive health care during floods in Bangladesh	Ray-Bennett, N. S.	2021	Bangladesh	Qualitative	International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare	Establishing an RHCC (Reproductive Health Kit 8; Capacity building; Community awareness) intervention package and implementing and evaluating it at three primary health care centers (PHC) in Belkuchi, Bangladesh, to improve the quality and availability of postabortion care (PAC) during floods	Improving the quality of access to reproductive health care during disasters at the primary health care level was provided by integrated evidence-based intervention packages, such as the RHCC	Strong
37	Droughts, cyclones, and intimate partner violence: A disastrous mix for Indian women	Rai, A.	2021	India	Observational	International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction	Designing a gender-sensitive evidence-based disaster recovery program to help disaster-affected populations	-Using trained emergency response teams to identify IPV symptoms in disasters and share IPV prevention messages in disasters -Designing mobile applications to connect disaster survivors with response teams as a secure reporting method	Strong
43	Midwifery curricula inclusion of sexual and reproductive health in crisis settings in the Democratic Republic of Congo	Lordfred, A.	2021	Congo	Case Study	Nurse Education in Practice	Reasoning to include the minimum initial service package (MISP) for sexual and reproductive health in crisis in all midwifery curricula	In addition to knowledge, the necessary skills to implement the MISP for midwifery staff with the help of complementary educational modules	Moderate
24	The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Intimate Partner Violence Advocates and Agencies	Garcia, R.	2021	America	Qualitative	Journal of Family Violence	Investigating personal challenges and resilience of IPV advocates during the COVID-19 epidemic; and how organizations adapt to support IPV survivors during the epidemic	-The way of advocating against IPV -Adopting new methods to advocate against IPV -Providing new solutions -Opportunities and challenges of advocating virtually -Pandemic constraints and effects of pre-existing pandemic challenges on IPV advocacy organizations	Strong
25	Role of Climate Change in Exacerbating Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Women: A New Challenge for International Law	Desai, Bharat H.et al.	2021	India	Prognostic study	Environmental Policy and Law	Increasing the understanding of the impact of climate change on sexual and gender-based violence	Integrating gender and responding to sexual violence in international law on internally displaced people, human rights law, environmental law and human rights law during war, establishing a coordinated structure between areas, such as the environment, human rights, and refugees, adoption of specific laws by UN member states on the effects of climate change and gender-based violence	Strong
40	Evaluation of reproductive health program during disaster in West Sumatra Province	Azrimaidaliza, A. et al.	2021	Indonesia	Qualitative study	E3S Web of Conferences	Evaluation of reproductive health services in disasters	-Lack of equipment and logistics - Lack of specialized manpower -Lack of appropriate policies -Lack of funds -Lack of proper pre- and post- disaster program - Lack of coordination at local, regional, and national levels	Moderate
19	Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support	Usher, K.	2020	Australia	Editorial	International Journal of Mental Health Nursing	Study of individual and social vulnerabilities in social isolation	Establishing support networks for people living with domestic violence challenges during quarantine	Strong
17	Interpersonal violence and mental health outcomes following disaster	Molyneaux, Robyn	2020	Australia	Observational	BJPsych open	Examining the experience of victims of violence in communities affected by high, moderate, and low disasters after the 2009 fires in Victoria, Australia	Experiencing post-disaster violence is associated with post-disaster income changes and post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among women	Strong
53	Home is not always a haven: The domestic violence crisis amid the COVID-19 pandemic	Kofman, Y. B.	2020	America	Commentary	Psychol Trauma	Investigating the events leading to the increase in domestic violence	Comprehensive post-disaster response and recovery guidelines, including PTSD and DV were proposed at the national, state, and local levels depending on the type of event. In the long run, the epidemic is a critical turning point in implementing guidelines of planning and preparedness to protect domestic violence victims and survivors from the threat of COVID-19 and the inevitability of future disasters.	Moderate
44	A Study on Potential Leadership Approaches to Address Gender-Based Constraints Effective Preparedness for Disasters in Nepal	Nepal, U.	2020	Australia	Mixed method	J Disaster Emerg Res	Understanding effective management approaches to be prepared for sexual violence	-Increased violence after the Haiti earthquake -The positive impact of leadership at the individual, organizational and community levels in reducing gender-based violence -The Impact of Awareness Campaigns, Workshops, and Legal Support on Reducing Gender-Based Violence	Strong
46	Violence against women and children following the 2011 great East Japan disaster: making the invisible visible through research	Yoshihama, Mieko.	2019	Japan	Qualitative study	Violence against women	Investigating post-disaster violence against women and children in Japan	Feelings of fear, helplessness, and inability to provide the necessities of life increase the vulnerability of victims of sexual violence; this finding should be taken into account in the prevention and response to gender-based violence.	Moderate
34	Facilitators and barriers in implementing the Minimum Initial Services Package (MISP) for reproductive health in Nepal post-earthquake	Myers, A.	2018	Nepal	Mixed method	Conflict and Health	Description of facilitating factors, implementation barriers and ways to improve response to RH services in Nepal earthquake	Inadequate education of MISP service managers and coordinators, and limited attention to GBV organizations, limited access to clinical management of rape services, low awareness of GBV services, and benefits of providing timely care to victims of reproductive health challenges identified in the Nepal earthquake have been identified.	Strong
38	Reproductive health in the recent disasters of Iran: A management perspective	Jahangiry, K.et al.	2018	Iran	Qualitative study	BMC Public Health	Investigating the executive challenges of reproductive health after disasters in Iran	In providing reproductive health services, cultural factors, planning, education, data collection, establishing a monitoring system and paying attention to men's reproductive health should be considered. Non-discriminatory access, community participation at all stages, and educating men on pre- and post-disaster reproductive health are recommended.	Strong
18	Humanitarian response to reproductive and sexual health needs in a disaster: The Nepal Earthquake 2015 case study	Chaudhary, P.	2017	Nepal	Case study	Reproductive Health Matters	Identifying the challenges and lessons of post-disaster health response provided by the Ministry of Health with the support of UN agencies to meet the needs of adolescents and women	-Organizing RH relief camps, providing emergency RH kits and midwifery kits to health and psychosocial counseling support centers, providing shelter, providing motivational kits for affected women and girls. -Creating female-friendly spaces alongside health facilities to provide a response to gender-based violence -Identifying suitable places for health and mental health information for adolescents	Moderate
50	‘Life under the tent is not safe, especially for young women’: Understanding intersectional violence among internally displaced youth in Leogane, Haiti	Logie, CH. et al.	2017	Canada	Qualitative study	GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION	Investigating sexual violence experiences among displaced Haitian men and women	Challenges: Insecurity of tents and temporary accommodation, poverty as a factor for rape and theft, trading sex for food Solutions: Creating equal job opportunities, education, hope in the community, and community support	Strong
28	A qualitative study of violence against women after the recent disasters of Iran	Sohrabizadeh, S.	2016	Iran	Qualitative study	Prehospital and Disaster Medicine	Investigating different types of violence against women and girls in floods and earthquakes in Iran	Different types of violence against women, including sexual, physical, and psychological violence, must be integrated into disaster healthcare programs in Iran. Fundamental changes must be made to the relevant legislation at the national level. Women should be aware of their rights. The participation of women and men should be considered in all stages of management. A system for monitoring, supervising, and reporting violence against women should be established and a safe environment has to be created for men and women.	Strong
49	Violence and abuse of internally displaced women survivors of the 2010 Haiti earthquake	Campbell, Doris W. et al.	2016	Haiti	comparative descriptive correlational design	Int J Public Health	Describing the level of violence before and after the Haiti earthquake, investigating health consequences, risk factors, cultural factors about sexual violence in women	Significant increase in violence against women before and after the earthquake, increase in physical and mental problems among victims of sexual violence compared to those who did not experience violence, sharing resources, communication between responsible organizations	Strong
56	Unseen, unheard: Gender-based violence in disasters	International Federation of Red Cross Red Crescent Societies	2015	Swiss	Report	IFRC	Better understanding of the risk of sexual violence by national Red Crescent population	-Increase in post- disaster sexual and domestic violence -Homelessness is a factor in increasing sexual violence -Lack of awareness about sexual violence -The need to access legal authorities for survivors of sexual violence in disasters -Integrating prevention and response to sexual violence into disaster programs	Strong
62	Developing institutional capacity for reproductive health in humanitarian settings: A descriptive study	Tran, Nguyen-Toan. et al.	2015	America	Descriptive study	PLOS ONE	Gaining insight into reproductive health services by taking into account the capacities of governmental, non-governmental, and international organizations and NGOs and helping to improve the provision of these services	-The 48 participating countries promoted the provision of reproductive health services in areas requiring humanitarian services through the following measures: coordinating, gender mainstreaming in service delivery, gender-based planning, efforts to improve capacity,take the necessary measures to prevent and respond to sexual violence, holding online educational courses on sexual violence, using reproductive health kits, managing STDs, increasing the budget, training special health workers to respond to reproductive health	Strong
26	“The Women, They Maltreat Them…Therefore, We Cannot Assure That the Future Society Will Be Good”: Male Perspectives on Gender-Based Violence: A Focus Group Study With Young Men in Haiti	Gabriel, NC. et al.	2015	America	Qualitative study	Health Care For Women International	Examining Haitian men’s perceptions of violence against women and better understanding of the reason of violence against women before and after the 2010 earthquake	-Education regarding violence against women at home and at school -Factors affecting sexual violence include poverty, poor communication between parents, changes in the role of women, culture, education, alcohol and drugs consumption -Increasing the protective role of the police against women in society -Raising public awareness regarding the laws on sexual violence	Moderate
37	Minimum Standards for Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence in emergencies	UNFPA	2015	America	Book section	UNFPA	Determining standard measures for prevention, preparedness, and appropriate and timely response and recovery in the field of gender-based violence	Strengthening national systems and capacity building, preparedness program, prevention and response with regard to positive norms and gender equality, care and reporting, development of community participation guidelines, data collection, access to medical and mental health services for all victims of sexual violence , safety and security, enactment of protection laws for victims of sexual violence, socio-economic empowerment, provision of human resources, coordination, evaluation and provision of mobile services	Strong
31	Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action	Inter-Agency Standing Committee	2015	America	Guideline	Inter-Agency Standing Committee	Helping humanitarian communities in areas affected by armed conflicts, natural disasters and other emergencies to prevent and reduce gender-based violence through coordination, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of essential measures	Key factors, such as assessment, planning, implementation, coordination in various areas, such as shelter and housing, education on gender-based violence, child protection, health care provision, nutrition, livelihood, protection, health and safe water, livelihood with aim to reduce risk, increasing resilience, providing response and recovery in the field of gender-based violence in areas requiring humanitarian services, integrating sexual violence into response programs	Strong
20	A framework to understand gender and structural vulnerability to climate change in the Ganges River Basin: Lessons from Bangladesh, India and Nepal	Sugden, F. et al.	2014	Sri Lanka	Lesson learned	International water management institute	Investigating the vulnerabilities and ways of adaptation of women and men in natural disasters	Insecurity in housing, increasing the likelihood of gender-based violence in women when providing water, food, and fuel; reducing job opportunities and poverty after natural disasters among women compared to men; loss of social support, loss of socio-economic structures, participation of women and men in planning	Strong
35	Symptoms of PTSD in a sample of female victims of sexual violence in post-earthquake Haiti	Rahill, Guitele J. et al.	2014	America	Qualitative study	Affective Disorders	Identifying the biological, neurological and psychological effects of sexual violence on women after the Haiti earthquake	Rising PTSD in victims of sexual violence after the Haiti earthquake, the need for access to STDs services, including HIV, access to mental health services for screening, the impact of poverty and pre-disaster violence on its prevalence after disasters, access to trauma services as one of the consequences of sexual violence	Moderate
41	Midwives’ professional competence for prevention of sexual violence and spread of HIV during disasters in Tehran-2014	Khoshknaz et al.	2014	Iran	Cross-sectional	Nursing Journal of the vulnerable	Assessing the professional competence of midwives in preventing sexual violence and preventing the spread of HIV and other STDs in disasters	The average competence of midwives to provide reproductive health services in these two areas, it seems that the present education is insufficient. The inadequacy of university education and training courses shows the need to revise the content of education. Incorporating related training into the midwifery curriculum may be helpful.	Strong
23	Flood-Induced Vulnerabilities and Problems Encountered by Womenin Northern Bangladesh	Azad, AK. et al.	2013	Bangladesh	Mixed/ Survey & Interview	Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci	Investigating the vulnerabilities of women in natural disasters	To reduce rape after natural disasters, law enforcement officials need to be trained to meet the needs of women at all stages of the crisis management cycle. The security of the area should be maintained. The reporting of cases of sexual violence should be paid attention. Protection against sexual violence should be prioritized. Primary prevention at the community level, including education, empowerment of women, and a disaster response team trained in sexual violence should be provided. Necessary agreements and coordination should be made between disaster relief organizations.	Moderate
52	Gendered violence in natural disasters: Learning from New Orleans, Haiti and Christchurch	True, J. et al.	2013	Australia	Lesson learned	Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work	Providing lesson learned from earthquakes to highlight the importance of ensuring disaster response planning and decision-making by considering gender and related sensitivities.	-Disasters as an opportunity to create social and economic support for women -Planning during and after disasters, taking into account sexual violence and its consequences -Women's participation in decision-making and planning	Moderate
27	Why Not the University of New Orleans? Social Disorganization and Sexual Violence Among Internally Displaced Women of Hurricane Katrina	Anderson, Peter B. et al.	2011	America	Prevalence study	J Community Health	Prevalence of sexual violence among students before and after Hurricane Katrina	Law enforcement training to reduce sexual violence after natural disasters, expressing the needs of women in all stages of disaster management, prioritizing protection against sexual violence in disasters, proper reporting, disaster prevention measures, women empowerment program, training post-disaster service teams on sexual violence, coordination and signing of memorandums between relevant organizations, public awareness about sexual violence	Strong
22	Effects of Pre- and Post-Katrina Nonviolentand Violent Experiences on Male Veterans’ Psychological Functioning	Tharp, A. T. et al.	2011	America	Relational study	Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness	Investigating the relationship between the experience of violence and other effective factors before disasters with the experience of violence and its psychological consequences after disasters	Identifying the underlying risk factors for experiencing post-disaster sexual violence as a way to prevent violence, integrating post-disaster response to violence programs	Strong
54	Gendered dimensions of disaster care: critical distinctions in female psychosocial needs, triage, pain assessment, and care	Richter, R. Flowers, T.	2008	South Africa	Survey	American Journal of Disaster Medicine	Paying attention to gender differences and women's needs in preparedness, response, and recovery indisaster	Providing reproductive health needs during disasters, such as providing facilities for childbirth, managing rape and providing services to victims of sexual violence, providing gender-based health services, preventive approach in providing health services, integrating health care into programs , triage	Strong
55	Increased Gender-based Violence Among Women Internally Displaced in Mississippi 2 Years Post–Hurricane Katrina	Anastario, M. et al.	2008	America	Cross sectional randomized survey	Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness	Assessing the change in the rate of gender-based violence among IDPs after Hurricane Katrina	Insecurity in housing, increasing the likelihood of gender-based violence in women when providing water, food and fuel, reducing job opportunities and poverty after natural disasters among women compared to men, loss of social support, loss of socio-economic structures, participation of women and men in planning	Moderate
21	Protecting Children from Sexual Exploitation & Sexual Violence in Disaster & Emergency Situations	Delaney, Stephanie. Naik, Asmita	2006	Australia	Monography	ECPAT International	The way of protecting children against sexual violence in disasters	Programs based on human rights, identifying the roots of violence in society, and providing a framework for protecting children from violence in disasters, including existing socio-economic context, community resilience strategies, and support systems	Strong
29	Protection Mainstreaming Training Package	Lee.et.al.	2014	Swiss	Book	UNHCR	-Increasing participants' understanding of mainstream protection -Increasing participants' skills in developing mainstream protection -Demonstrating value and importance of mainstream protection to participants to encourage others to do so	-Providing a community-based approach to support mainstream protection -Establishing coordination among accountable organizations -Increasing public awareness -Integrating mainstream protection in response programs in disaster and emergency affected areas -Promoting a culture of security, respect for human rights, and empowerment of society	Strong
45	Building Capacity for Disability Inclusion in Gender-Based Violence Programming in Humanitarian Settings	Women’s Refugee Commission	2015	America	Guideline	Women’s Refugee Commission	Providing an overview of the processes, tools and barriers to accessing GBV services for people with disabilities	-Developing a program with the participation of the disabled -Preparing interview forms for the disabled to develop a program -Educating the community about gender-based violence and its impact on preparedness -The roots of violence include: disrespect, inequality, abuse of power	Strong
57	Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction A training pack	Ciampi.et.al.	2011	UK	Book	Oxfam	Training guide on gender mainstreaming in disaster risk reduction programs	-Gender mainstreaming in planning and implementation -Developing preparedness and response programs with a view of gender equality -Prioritizing gender in disaster risk reduction programs -The importance of men's and women's intervention in developing response programs -The importance of using local capacity -The need for women to be involved in decision-making and policy-making	Strong