Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of risk factors at the time of hospitalization (time 1) by race and ethnicity
| Risk factor, mean (s.e.) | Asian | Latinx | Black | Multiracial | Referent group: White |
F value;a p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 91) | (N = 196) | (N = 310) | (N = 60) | (N = 653) | ||
| Pre-trauma risk factors | ||||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 51.6% (5.3%) | 39.8% (3.5%) | 47.4% (2.8%) | 45.0% (6.5%) | 49.3% (2.0%) | 1.6; p = 0.17 |
| Male | 48.4% (5.3%) | 60.2% (3.5%) | 52.6% (2.8%) | 55.0% (6.5%) | 50.7% (2.0%) | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 26.6% (4.7%) | 28.2% (3.3%) | 44.6% (2.9%) | 35.5% (6.3%) | 22.7% (1.7%) | 11.4; p < 0.01 |
| Married/cohabitating | 64.3% (5.1%) | 46.5% (3.6%) | 30.9% (2.7%) | 36.6% (6.4%) | 51.2% (2.0%) | 13.5; p < 0.01 |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 7.9% (2.9%) | 24.7% (3.1%) | 21.6% (2.4%) | 24.4% (5.7%) | 24.8% (1.7%) | 6.8; p < 0.01 |
| Other | 1.2% (1.2%) | 0.6% (0.6%) | 2.9% (1.0%) | 3.5% (2.4%) | 1.3% (0.4%) | 1.3; p = 0.28 |
| Education level | ||||||
| 0–11 years | 7.7% (2.8%) | 42.3% (3.5%) | 13.2% (1.9%) | 6.7% (3.2%) | 6.1% (0.9%) | 25.9; p < 0.01 |
| 12 years (high school) | 12.1% (3.4%) | 20.9% (2.9%) | 32.9% (2.7%) | 23.3% (5.5%) | 27.9% (1.8%) | 6.8; p < 0.01 |
| 13–15 years | 20.9% (4.3%) | 30.1% (3.3%) | 40.0% (2.8%) | 65.0% (6.2%) | 32.9% (1.8%) | 10.2; p < 0.01 |
| 16+ years | 59.3% (5.2%) | 6.6% (1.8%) | 13.9% (2.0%) | 5.0% (2.8%) | 33.1% (1.8%) | 49.2; p < 0.01 |
| Household income | ||||||
| Less than $35 K | 23.7% (5.1%) | 59.1% (4.7%) | 70.0% (2.9%) | 71.0% (6.6%) | 35.8% (2.0%) | 31.0; p < 0.01 |
| $35 K to less than $75 K | 12.5% (4.3%) | 25.3% (3.8%) | 21.8% (2.6%) | 14.3% (5.2%) | 26.4% (1.9%) | 3.2; p = 0.01 |
| $75 K and more | 63.8% (5.7%) | 15.6% (3.2%) | 8.2% (1.8%) | 14.6% (5.1%) | 37.8% (2.0%) | 44.1; p < 0.01 |
| Early life | ||||||
| Caretaker dysfunction | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.71 (0.08) | 0.71 (0.06) | 1.18 (0.18) | 0.69 (0.04) | 8.7; p < 0.01 |
| Past trauma exposure | ||||||
| Lifetime sudden/terrible eventsb | 4.93 (1.01) | 4.38 (0.53) | 5.13 (0.44) | 9.18 (1.83) | 5.25 (0.31) | 1.8; p = 0.13 |
| Perceived discrimination | ||||||
| Everyday discrimination | 6.42 (0.84) | 5.51 (0.66) | 9.66 (0.56) | 11.30 (1.40) | 7.26 (0.32) | 8.4; p < 0.01 |
| Extreme discrimination | 1.34 (0.26) | 2.11 (0.24) | 2.55 (0.19) | 3.36 (0.53) | 1.26 (0.10) | 13.6; p < 0.01 |
| Financial stress | 2.26 (0.20) | 4.02 (0.18) | 4.45 (0.12) | 4.59 (0.29) | 2.98 (0.09) | 36.8; p < 0.01 |
| Past mental health problems | 1.15 (0.11) | 1.08 (0.07) | 1.14 (0.07) | 1.28 (0.16) | 1.10 (0.04) | 0.4; p = 0.80 |
| Peri-trauma factors | ||||||
| Subjective trauma severityc | 3.89 (0.22) | 4.36 (0.13) | 3.82 (0.12) | 4.07 (0.29) | 4.02 (0.08) | 2.4; p = 0.047 |
| Post-trauma factors | ||||||
| Expected social support | 24.27 (0.89) | 22.79 (0.67) | 21.73 (0.53) | 20.07 (1.24) | 23.45 (0.34) | 3.8; p < 0.01 |
| Social constraints | 3.99 (0.62) | 6.10 (0.46) | 5.21 (0.40) | 5.63 (0.92) | 3.24 (0.22) | 11.2; p < 0.01 |
a
F value of omnibus test comparing non-Latinx White patients and all other racial/ethnic groups.
b
Number of lifetime sudden/terrible events were Winsorized to the 98th percentile to reduce the effect of extreme outliers.
c
Subjective trauma severity was assessed using two items about how ‘terrible’ and ‘out of control’ the event that brought participants to the hospital seemed (0 ‘not at all’ and 4 ‘a lot’).