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. 2023 Jan 30;9:13. doi: 10.1038/s41378-022-00479-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — The future development of the field relies on the strengths of the devices, and overcoming the weaknesses of current studies is the main development direction. In addition, the developments of related fields largely influence the future of in vitro bidirectional BCIs as threats and opportunities