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. 2023 Jan 30;9:13. doi: 10.1038/s41378-022-00479-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Fabrication steps for the stretchable and transparent AgNW MEA and interconnects. Reproduced from ref. ⁴⁶ (2021, CC BY 4.0). b Fabrication steps for an easy-to-fabricate 3D MEA⁵⁰. Copyright 2020 by IOP Publishing Ltd. Reproduced with permission. c Fabrication process of stretchable, transparent CNT MEA⁴⁵. Copyright 2018 by American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission. d Fabrication steps for a multifunctional MEA with optical stimulation and drug delivery. Reproduced from ref. ⁵³ (2021, CC BY 4.0)