. 2020 Dec 14;24(10):2900–2910. doi: 10.1017/S1368980020005078

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

	Adolescents (A)						Young adults (YA)						Middle-aged adults (OA)
	Total (n 219)		Male (n 108)		Female (n 111)		Total (n 191)		Male (n 88)		Female (n 103)		Total (n 207)		Male (n 104)		Female (n 103)
	Median	Interquartile range	Median	Interquartile range	Median	Interquartile range	Median	Interquartile range	Median	Interquartile range	Median	Interquartile range	Median	Interquartile range	Median	Interquartile range	Median	Interquartile range	P (A v. YA)	P (A v. OA)	P (YA v. OA)
Age (year)	14	13, 15	14	13, 15	14	13, 15	27	27, 27	27	27, 27	27	27, 27	53	47, 57	55	50, 60	50 46, 55^***		<0·001	<0·001	<0·001
Height (m)	1·60	1·54, 1·66	1·63	1·55, 1·69	1·58	1·53, 1·62^***	1·64	1·59, 1·72	1·64	1·59, 1·72	1·65	1·60, 1·71	1·64	1·58, 1·71	1·71	1·66, 1·75	1·58	1·54, 1·62^***	<0·001	<0·001	0·274
Weight (kg)	52·6	46·8, 59·8	51·0	44·4, 58·4	53·2	48·6, 61·8^*	65·5	57·7, 75·1	67·9	57·6, 75·7	65·2	57·7, 74·2	79·5	68·2, 93·7	74·5	63·4; 89·4	83·8	74·5, 98·0^***	<0·001	<0·001	<0·001
BMI (kg/m²)^†	0·21	−0·58, 1·08	−0·19	−0·90, 0·71	0·57	−0·22 1·48^***	24·2	20·6, 28·2	24·7	21·0, 28·2	23·7	20·4, 28·2	29·7	25·2, 35·9	25·6	22·3, 31·3	34·6	29·2, 38^***	N/A	N/A	<0·001
BMI category (%)^†,^‡
Underweight	9		13		5^***		6		8		5		4		7		0^***		<0·001	<0·001	<0·001
Normal weight	69		77		61		50		45		54		20		34		6
Overweight	17		8		26		24		25		23		27		32		23
Obese	5		2		8		20		22		18		49		27		71
Household SES score^§	8	6, 9	7·5	6, 9	8	6, 9	9	8, 11	9	8, 11	9	8, 11	9	8, 11	10	8, 11	9	8, 11	<0·001	<0·001	0·853
Low	10		6		12*		4		5		4		3		3		3		<0·001	<0·001	0·760
Medium	36		44		29		16		16		16		17		16		18
High	54		50		59		80		79		80		80		81		79
TE (kJ/d)	11 135	8503, 14 270	11 347	8694, 13 919	11 068	8040, 14 705	13 385	9613, 18 027	14 632	10 749, 18 754	11 921	9267, 16 863^*	6615	5152, 8920	7266	5184, 9488	6154	4975, 8366	<0·001	<0·001	<0·001
% TE from protein	10	9, 12	10	9, 12	10	9, 12	11	9, 12	11	9, 12	10	9, 12	12	10, 14	12	10, 15	11	10, 13^*	0·192	<0·001	<0·001
% TE from fat	34	29, 40	32	28, 39	36	32, 42^*	35	30, 41	34	28, 38	37	32, 44^**	32	26, 37	30	25, 37	33	28, 37^*	0·382	<0·001	<0·001
% TE from carbohydrate	53	47, 56	53	48, 58	51	46, 55^*	48	42, 52	50	43, 53	47	42, 52	51	45, 56	50	44, 55	52	47, 56^*	<0·001	0·254	<0·001
% TE from added sugar	11	8, 15	11	8, 15	10	8, 15	12	8, 16	12	8, 15	11	8, 15	10	7, 15	8	5, 12	12	8, 17^***	0·435	0·078	0·026
Fibre (g/d)	23	17, 30	25	17, 30	21	16, 29	24	17, 33	27	18, 36	22	16, 30^*	15	12, 20	16	12, 22	15	11, 19	0·258	<0·001	<0·001

SES, socio-economic status; TE, total energy intake.

P < 0·05.

^**

P < 0·01.

^***

P < 0·001 male v. female.

^†

Adolescent BMI calculated as age- and sex-specific BMI Z-scores and classified according to International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) references^(36–38).

^‡

Adult BMI classified as: underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m²), normal weight (BMI 18·5–24·9 kg/m²), overweight (BMI 25·0–29·9 kg/m²) and obese (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m²)⁽³⁵⁾.

^§

Asset index scores grouped into low (<5), medium (5–7) and high (>7) SES categories. Between-group comparisons assessed via Kruskal–Wallis test (continuous) or χ² test.