Table 2.
Adjusted means and 95 % CI of C-reactive protein concentration, by breakfast consumption frequency
| Breakfast everyday (n 60 080) | 3–5 breakfasts/week (n 2737) | 1–2 breakfasts/week (n 1462) | No breakfast (n 5813) | P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | ||
| Model 1 | 0·75 | 0·74, 0·76 | 0·83 | 0·79, 0·87* | 0·74 | 0·7, 0·79 | 1·19 | 1·14, 1·23* | <0·001 |
| Model 2 | 1·22 | 1·14, 1·31 | 1·31 | 1·22, 1·42* | 1·18 | 1·07, 1·29 | 1·55 | 1·43, 1·68* | <0·001 |
| Model 3 | 1·07 | 1, 1·14 | 1·14 | 1·05, 1·23* | 1·01 | 0·92, 1·1 | 1·33 | 1·23, 1·44* | <0·001 |
Model 1 adjusted for age (years), sex and total energy intake (kJ/d).
Model 2 adjusted for age (years), sex, total energy intake (kJ/d), American Heart Association diet score, BMI (kg/m2), education level (elementary school, high school or college or above), occupation type (coal miner, other blue-collar jobs or other), marital status (single or married), smoking status (never, former or current), alcohol use (never, former, current <1 drink/d and current >1 drinks/d), sleep duration (<6, 6–7, 7–8 or ≥8 h/d), insomnia (yes/no), snoring (never/rare, occasional or frequent) and physical activity (inactive, moderately active or vigorously active).
Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake (kJ/d), American Heart Association diet score, BMI, education level (elementary school, high school or college or above), occupation type (coal miner, other blue-collar jobs or other), marital status, smoking status (never, former or current), alcohol use (never, former, current <1 drink/d and current >1 drinks/d), antihypertensive drug, antidiabetic drug, sleep duration (<6, 6–7, 7–8 or ≥8 h/d), insomnia (yes/no), snoring (never/rare, occasional or frequent) and physical activity (inactive, moderately active or vigorously active), systolic blood pressure (mmHg), fasting blood glucose status (‘normal’ (< 100 mmol/l), ‘impaired fasting glucose’ (100–125 mmol/l) or ‘Diabetes’ (>126 mmol/l or use of hypoglycaemic treatment)), LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l).
P values for difference from ‘breakfast everyday’ group are indicated as * <0·05, ** <0·01,*** <0·001.