Table 3.
OR and 95 % CI for high C-reactive protein (CRP), across breakfast frequency groups
| Breakfast everyday (n 60 080) | 3–5 breakfasts/week (n 2737) | 1–2 breakfasts/week (n 1462) | No breakfast (n 5813) | P for trend | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | ||||||
| CRP ≥ 1·0 mg/l | |||||||||||||
| Event, | |||||||||||||
| n | 27 132 | 1474 | 755 | 4191 | |||||||||
| % | 45·2 | 53·9 | 51·6 | 72·1 | |||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | Ref | 1·26 | 1·16, 1·36 | 1·08 | 0·97, 1·20 | 2·66 | 2·49, 2·84 | <0·001 | ||||
| Model 2 | 1·00 | Ref | 1·14 | 1·05, 1·10 | 0·99 | 0·88, 1·10 | 1·90 | 1·77, 2·05 | <0·001 | ||||
| Model 3 | 1·00 | Ref | 1·15 | 1·06, 1·25 | 0·97 | 0·87, 1·08 | 1·86 | 1·73, 2·00 | <0·001 | ||||
| CRP ≥ 3·0 mg/l | |||||||||||||
| Event | |||||||||||||
| n | 8663 | 365 | 185 | 923 | |||||||||
| % | 14·4 | 13·3 | 12.7 | 15.9 | |||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | Ref | 0·94 | 0·83, 1·06 | 0·92 | 0·78, 1·09 | 1·53 | 1·41, 1·66 | <0·001 | ||||
| Model 2 | 1·00 | Ref | 0·86 | 0·77, 0·97 | 0·88 | 0·74, 1·03 | 1·28 | 1·17, 1·41 | <0·001 | ||||
| Model 3 | 1·00 | Ref | 0·87 | 0·77, 0·98 | 0·86 | 0·73, 1·02 | 1·27 | 1·15, 1·40 | <0·001 | ||||
Model 1 adjusted for age (years), sex and total energy intake (kJ/d).
Model 2 adjusted for age(years), sex, total energy intake (kJ/d), diet score, BMI (kg/m2), education level (elementary school, high school or college or above), occupation type (coal miner, other blue-collar jobs or other), marital status (single or married), smoking status (never, former or current), alcohol use (never, former, current <1 drink/d and current >1 drinks/d), sleep duration (<6, 6–7, 7–8 or ≥8 h/d), insomnia (yes/no), snoring (never/rare, occasional or frequent) and physical activity (inactive, moderately active or vigorously active).
Model 3 adjusted for age (years), sex, total energy intake (kJ/d), diet score, BMI (kg/m2), education level (elementary school, high school or college or above), occupation type (coal miner, other blue-collar jobs or other), marital status, smoking status (never, former or current), alcohol use (never, former, current <1 drink/d and current >1 drinks/d), antihypertensive drug, antidiabetic drug, sleep duration (<6, 6–7, 7–8 or ≥8 h/d), insomnia (yes/no), snoring (never/rare, occasional or frequent), physical activity (inactive, moderately active or vigorously active), systolic blood pressure (mmHg), fasting blood glucose status (‘normal’ (< 100 mmol/l), ‘impaired fasting glucose’ (100–125 mmol/l) or ‘Diabetes’ (>126 mmol/l or use of hypoglycaemic treatment)), LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l).