Table 3.
Energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intake according to categories of weekly alcohol consumption*. Men and women participating in StudentKost
| Men (n 178) | Women (n 444) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abstaining (n 28) |
≤ 14 units/week (n 92) |
> 14 units/week (n 58) |
Abstaining (n 76) |
≤ 14 units/week (n 311) |
> 14 units/week (n 57) |
||||||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | ||
| Kilojoule (kJ) | 9862 | 3822 | 8654 | 2728 | 10 791 | 2854 | 8508 | 3152 | 8273 | 2734 | 10 375 | 3680 | |
| Kilocalories (kcal) | 2350 | 911 | 2063 | 650 | 2573 | 679 | 2026 | 751 | 1971 | 652 | 2472 | 875 | |
| Fat (g) | 96 | 41 | 80 | 29 | 91 | 29 | 76 | 31 | 74 | 30 | 86 | 34 | |
| SFA | 37 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 33 | 12 | 27 | 12 | 27 | 13 | 32 | 13 | |
| MUFA | 37 | 17 | 31 | 11 | 36 | 12 | 30 | 12 | 29 | 11 | 33 | 13 | |
| PUFA | 13 | 7 | 12 | 5 | 14 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 6 | |
| Trans-fatty acids | 1·0 | 0·5 | 0·8 | 0·4 | 0·8 | 0·4 | 0·7 | 0·4 | 0·7 | 0·4 | 0·8 | 0·4 | |
| n-3 fatty acids | 2·8 | 1·8 | 2·7 | 1·8 | 3·0 | 1·4 | 2·6 | 1·6 | 2·4 | 1·3 | 2·7 | 1·4 | |
| n-6 fatty acids | 9·9 | 5·5 | 9·1 | 4·1 | 10·7 | 3·7 | 8·9 | 4·3 | 8·6 | 3·4 | 9·5 | 4·1 | |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 254 | 106 | 217 | 82 | 274 | 86 | 233 | 87 | 218 | 79 | 274 | 110 | |
| Added sugar (g) | 45 | 33 | 32 | 28 | 48 | 41 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 32 | 58 | 51 | |
| Dietary fibre (g) | 21 | 9 | 21 | 12 | 24 | 11 | 26 | 13 | 23 | 10 | 24 | 10 | |
| Protein (g) | 107 | 40 | 95 | 31 | 106 | 35 | 90 | 39 | 87 | 31 | 97 | 40 | |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 0 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 27 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 24 | 8 | |
| Salt (g) | 10·4 | 4·7 | 9·8 | 4·5 | 10·9 | 4·2 | 8·6 | 4·0 | 8·5 | 3·9 | 9·9 | 4·1 | |
| Total fat (E %) | 37 | 4 | 35 | 6 | 32 | 5 | 33 | 6 | 34 | 6 | 31 | 4 | |
| SFA | 14 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 12 | 2 | |
| MUFA | 14 | 2 | 14 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 13 | 2 | 13 | 2 | 12 | 2 | |
| PUFA | 4·7 | 1·2 | 5·1 | 1·3 | 4·8 | 1·2 | 5·1 | 1·2 | 5.1 | 1·1 | 4·5 | 1·1 | |
| Trans-fatty acids | 0·4 | 0·2 | 0·3 | 0·2 | 0·3 | 0·1 | 0·3 | 0·2 | 0·3 | 0·1 | 0·3 | 0·1 | |
| n-3 | 1·0 | 0·4 | 1·2 | 0·6 | 1·1 | 0·4 | 1·1 | 0·5 | 1·1 | 0·5 | 1·0 | 0·4 | |
| n-6 | 3·6 | 1·0 | 3·9 | 0·9 | 3·7 | 0·8 | 3·9 | 0·9 | 3·9 | 0·8 | 3·5 | 0·9 | |
| Carbohydrates (E %) | 43 | 5 | 42 | 8 | 42 | 6 | 46 | 7 | 44 | 7 | 44 | 6 | |
| Added sugar (E %) | 7·6 | 5·3 | 6·4 | 5·3 | 7·6 | 5·9 | 6·6 | 6·1 | 6·7 | 4·8 | 8·8 | 5·8 | |
| Dietary fibre (g/10 MJ) | 22 | 8 | 23 | 8 | 22 | 8 | 31 | 12 | 28 | 9 | 23 | 7 | |
| Protein (E %) | 18 | 3 | 19 | 4 | 16 | 3 | 18 | 3 | 18 | 3 | 16 | 3 | |
| Alcohol (E %) | 0 | 0 | 2·5 | 1·8 | 7·7 | 3·7 | 0 | 0 | 2·1 | 1·6 | 7·2 | 2·3 | |
| Vitamin A RAE (µg/10 MJ) | 1144 | 919 | 905 | 592 | 1029 | 733 | 1115 | 984 | 1142 | 934 | 862 | 553 | |
| Retinol (µg/10 MJ) | 966 | 899 | 738 | 571 | 829 | 738 | 849 | 1006 | 887 | 930 | 691 | 550 | |
| B-carotene (µg/10 MJ) | 2148 | 1943 | 2024 | 1475 | 2421 | 2095 | 3206 | 2748 | 3084 | 2094 | 2066 | 1157 | |
| Vitamin D (µg/10 MJ) | 5·7 | 3·4 | 6·8 | 3·7 | 6·0 | 3·6 | 6·0 | 3·3 | 6·5 | 3·5 | 6·0 | 2·7 | |
| Vitamin E( mg/10 MJ) | 12·7 | 3·3 | 14·5 | 4·9 | 13·6 | 3·9 | 13·8 | 2·9 | 14·3 | 3·6 | 12·8 | 3·4 | |
| Thiamin (mg/10 MJ) | 1·6 | 0·3 | 1·8 | 0·4 | 1·5 | 0·3 | 1·8 | 0·3 | 1·7 | 0·3 | 1·6 | 0·3 | |
| Riboflavin (mg/10 MJ) | 2·2 | 1·1 | 2·3 | 0·8 | 2·3 | 0·9 | 2·2 | 1·1 | 2·2 | 0·7 | 0·7 | 2·3 | 1·0 |
| Niacin (mg/10 MJ) | 28 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 27 | 13 | 28 | 14 | 27 | 10 | 10 | 26 | 14 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/10 MJ) | 2·1 | 0·7 | 2·4 | 0·7 | 2·2 | 0·7 | 2·4 | 0·6 | 2·3 | 0·5 | 0·5 | 2·2 | 0·6 |
| Folate (µg/10 MJ) | 274 | 98 | 298 | 92 | 285 | 81 | 350 | 127 | 334 | 111 | 111 | 302 | 95 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/10 MJ) | 7·7 | 3·2 | 7·7 | 2·9 | 7·1 | 2·8 | 7·0 | 3·5 | 7·3 | 2·8 | 2·8 | 6·8 | 2·8 |
| Vitamin C (mg/10 MJ) | 83 | 54 | 99 | 64 | 93 | 53 | 133 | 76 | 124 | 66 | 66 | 110 | 62 |
| Ca (mg/10 MJ) | 1078 | 431 | 904 | 321 | 876 | 296 | 913 | 295 | 933 | 314 | 314 | 929 | 250 |
| P (mg/10 MJ) | 1959 | 369 | 1959 | 335 | 1765 | 330 | 1967 | 327 | 1949 | 311 | 311 | 1760 | 293 |
| Mg (mg/10 MJ) | 368 | 93 | 385 | 71 | 376 | 79 | 427 | 79 | 416 | 79 | 79 | 387 | 68 |
| K (g/10 MJ) | 3726 | 1000 | 3991 | 884 | 3792 | 885 | 4477 | 1053 | 4334 | 923 | 923 | 3925 | 756 |
| Fe (mg/10 MJ) | 11·3 | 2·3 | 11·9 | 2·2 | 10·9 | 2·0 | 12·4 | 2·4 | 12·5 | 2·3 | 2·3 | 11·4 | 1·9 |
| Zn (mg/10 MJ) | 14·1 | 2·2 | 13·9 | 3·0 | 12·1 | 2·1 | 13·4 | 2·1 | 13·2 | 2·0 | 2·0 | 11·7 | 1·9 |
| Cu (mg/10 MJ) | 1·2 | 0·3 | 1·3 | 0·3 | 1·2 | 0·3 | 1·5 | 0·4 | 1·4 | 0·3 | 0·3 | 1·3 | 0·3 |
| Se (µg/10 MJ) | 54 | 19 | 63 | 23 | 53 | 18 | 53 | 19 | 56 | 19 | 19 | 50 | 17 |
| I (µg/10 MJ) | 155 | 81 | 159 | 102 | 146 | 84 | 150 | 75 | 159 | 79 | 79 | 142 | 70 |
RAE, retinol activity equivalents.
*
1 unit of alcohol equivalent to 8 g of alcohol by weight and 14 units of alcohol per week represents the UK Chief Medical Officers’ Low Risk Drinking Guidelines 2016 cut-off for low-risk alcohol consumption(18).