Table 2.
Prevalence (%) and the respective confidence intervals (95 % CI) of the socio-demographic characteristics and access to governmental programmes according to the levels of household food insecurity (FI). Communities of descendants of enslaved blacks in Brazil, 2011
| Food security | Mild FI | Moderate/severe FI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | 95 % CI | n | % | 95 % CI | n | % | 95 % CI | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 744 | 13·9 | 13·0, 14·9 | 1603 | 30·0 | 28·8, 31·2 | 2994 | 56·1 | 54·7, 57·4 |
| Female | 446 | 13·9 | 12·7, 15·1 | 982 | 30·6 | 29·0, 32·2 | 1782 | 55·5 | 53·8, 57·2 |
| Age (years) * | |||||||||
| 15–19 | 23 | 18·9 | 12·8, 26·8 | 25 | 20·5 | 14·2, 28·6 | 74 | 60·7 | 51·7, 68·9 |
| 20–30 | 210 | 11·9 | 10·5, 13·5 | 427 | 24·3 | 22·3, 26·3 | 1122 | 63·8 | 61·5, 66·0 |
| 31–40 | 217 | 10·8 | 9·6, 12·3 | 437 | 21·8 | 20·1, 23·7 | 1348 | 67·3 | 65·2, 69·3 |
| 41–50 | 153 | 9·6 | 8·2, 11·1 | 420 | 26·4 | 24·2, 28·6 | 1020 | 64·0 | 61·6, 66·3 |
| ≥ 51 | 571 | 19·3 | 17·9, 20·7 | 1233 | 41·6 | 39·8, 43·3 | 1160 | 39·1 | 37·4, 40·9 |
| Marital status * | |||||||||
| Married/consensual union | 815 | 12·7 | 11·9, 13·5 | 1698 | 26·4 | 25·3, 27·5 | 3923 | 61·0 | 59·8, 62·1 |
| Single/divorced | 365 | 17·5 | 15·9, 19·2 | 878 | 42·1 | 40·0, 44·6 | 841 | 40·4 | 38·3, 42·5 |
| Educational level * | |||||||||
| Illiterate/never studied | 310 | 15·7 | 14·1, 17·3 | 766 | 38·7 | 36·6, 40·9 | 902 | 45·6 | 43·4, 47·8 |
| 1–7 | 582 | 11·4 | 10·5, 12·3 | 1373 | 26·9 | 25·7, 28·1 | 3158 | 61·8 | 60·4, 63·1 |
| ≥ 8 | 265 | 20·1 | 18·0, 22·4 | 405 | 30·8 | 28·3, 33·3 | 647 | 49·1 | 46·4, 51·8 |
| Number of residents * | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 451 | 25·7 | 23·7, 27·8 | 1162 | 66·2 | 64·0, 68·4 | 141 | 8·0 | 6·9, 9·4 |
| 3–5 | 572 | 12·9 | 12·0, 13·9 | 1126 | 25·4 | 24·2, 26·7 | 2730 | 61·7 | 60·2, 63·1 |
| ≥ 6 | 167 | 7·0 | 6·1, 8·1 | 297 | 12·5 | 11·3, 13·9 | 1905 | 80·4 | 78·8, 82·0 |
| Number of children under 5 years * | |||||||||
| No child | 892 | 16·9 | 15·9, 17·9 | 2040 | 38·6 | 37·3, 39·9 | 2352 | 44·5 | 43·2, 45·9 |
| ≥ 1 | 298 | 9·1 | 8·1, 10·1 | 545 | 16·7 | 15·4, 18·0 | 2424 | 74·2 | 72·7, 75·7 |
| Electricity * | |||||||||
| Yes | 1059 | 15·2 | 14·3, 16·0 | 2084 | 29·8 | 28·8, 30·9 | 3840 | 55·0 | 53·8, 56·1 |
| No | 129 | 8·3 | 7·0, 9·8 | 496 | 32·0 | 29·7, 34·3 | 927 | 59·7 | 57·3, 62·1 |
| Adequate sanitation * | |||||||||
| Yes | 172 | 38·8 | 34·4, 43·4 | 152 | 34·3 | 30·3, 38·9 | 119 | 26·9 | 22·9, 31·2 |
| No | 1018 | 12·6 | 11·9, 13·3 | 2433 | 30·0 | 29·0, 31·0 | 4657 | 57·4 | 56·3, 58·5 |
| Adequate water supply * | |||||||||
| Yes | 705 | 13·1 | 12·2, 14·0 | 1604 | 29·8 | 28·6, 31·0 | 3074 | 57·1 | 55·8, 58·4 |
| No | 478 | 15·2 | 14·0, 16·6 | 968 | 30·9 | 29·3, 32·5 | 1688 | 53·9 | 52·1, 55·6 |
| Region * | |||||||||
| North | 449 | 9·6 | 8·8, 10·4 | 1093 | 23·3 | 22·1, 24·5 | 3148 | 67·1 | 65·8, 68·4 |
| Northeast | 406 | 16·0 | 14·6, 17·5 | 906 | 35·7 | 33·9, 37·6 | 1226 | 48·3 | 46·4, 50·2 |
| South/Southeast | 161 | 47·3 | 42·1, 52·7 | 130 | 38·2 | 33·2, 43·5 | 49 | 14·4 | 11·0, 18·6 |
| Central-West | 174 | 17·7 | 15·4, 20·2 | 456 | 46·4 | 43·3, 49·5 | 353 | 35·9 | 33·0, 39·0 |
| Total monthly household income * , † | |||||||||
| ≤ ½ minimum wage | 455 | 20·0 | 18·4, 21·7 | 886 | 38·9 | 36·9, 40·9 | 937 | 41·1 | 39·1, 43·2 |
| > ½ and ≤ 1 minimum wage | 406 | 8·5 | 7·7, 9·3 | 1236 | 25·9 | 24·7, 27·1 | 3131 | 65·6 | 64·2, 66·9 |
| > 1 minimum wage | 329 | 21·9 | 19·9, 24·1 | 463 | 30·9 | 28·6, 33·2 | 708 | 47·2 | 44·7, 49·7 |
| Access to governmental programmes | |||||||||
| National Program of Family Agriculture Strengthening | 67 | 13·9 | 11·1, 17·3 | 157 | 32·6 | 28·5, 36·9 | 258 | 53·5 | 49·1, 57·9 |
| Food Acquisition Program * | 109 | 20·3 | 17·1, 24·0 | 238 | 44·4 | 40·2, 48·7 | 189 | 35·3 | 31·3, 39·4 |
| Family Farm Insurance | 4 | 12·1 | 4·6, 28·5 | 10 | 30·3 | 17·0, 48·0 | 19 | 57·6 | 40·2, 73·2 |
| Rural Technical Assistance and Extension | 17 | 15·7 | 10·0, 23·9 | 38 | 35·2 | 26·7, 44·7 | 53 | 49·1 | 39·7, 58·5 |
| Crop Guarantee * | 35 | 11·5 | 8·4, 15·7 | 112 | 37·0 | 31·7, 42·6 | 156 | 51·5 | 45·9, 57·1 |
| Home visit by a community health agent * | 925 | 14·5 | 13·6, 15·4 | 1949 | 30·5 | 29·4, 31·7 | 3509 | 55·0 | 53·8, 56·2 |
| Center for Family Health Support | 622 | 21·0 | 19·6, 22·5 | 977 | 33·0 | 31·3, 34·7 | 1362 | 46·0 | 44·2, 47·8 |
| Food baskets * | 493 | 18·1 | 16·7, 19·6 | 969 | 35·6 | 33·8, 37·4 | 1264 | 46·4 | 44·5, 48·2 |
| Cisterns Program * | 51 | 14·4 | 11·1, 18·4 | 145 | 40·9 | 35·8, 46·2 | 159 | 44·8 | 39·7, 50·0 |
| Brazilian conditional cash transfer (Bolsa Família) * | 444 | 8·5 | 7·7, 9·2 | 1137 | 21·7 | 20·6, 22·8 | 3665 | 69·9 | 6·6, 71·1 |
| Continued Benefit Transfer * | 168 | 17·8 | 15·5, 20·4 | 402 | 42·6 | 39·5, 45·8 | 373 | 39·6 | 36·5, 42·7 |
*
Analysed variables that showed statistical significance in the bivariate analysis using the χ2 test and considering a significance level of P < 0·05.
†
Minimum wage in Brazil in 2011: $US 349·3 (R$ 545 (Brazilian real)).