Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted OR and confidence intervals (95 % CI) of the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and access to governmental programmes according to the levels of household food insecurity. Communities of descendants of enslaved blacks in Brazil, 2011
| Mild food insecurity | Moderate/severe food insecurity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 15–19 | 0·5 | 0·3, 1·0* | 0·4 | 0·2, 0·7** | 0·5 | 0·3, 0·8** | 0·8 | 0·4,1·5 |
| 20–30 | 1 | 0·8, 1·3 | – | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·0† | 1·0 | 0·7, 1·3 | |
| 31–40 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| 41–50 | 1·4 | 1·1, 1·7* | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·5 | 1·1 | 0·8, 1·3 | – | |
| ≥51 | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·3 | – | 0·3 | 0·3, 0·4*** | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·7*** | |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married/consensual union | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Single/divorced | 1·1 | 1·0, 1·3† | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·3 | 0·5 | 0·4, 0·6*** | 1·6 | 1·3, 2·0*** |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Illiterate/never studied | 1·6 | 1·3, 1·9*** | 1·3 | 1·0, 1·8 | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·4† | 2·1 | 1·4, 2·2*** |
| 1–7 | 1·5 | 1·3, 2·0*** | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·5 | 2·2 | 1·9, 2·6*** | 1·7 | 1·4, 2·8*** |
| ≥8 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Number of residents | ||||||||
| 1–2 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| 3–5 | 0·8 | 0·7, 0·9*** | 0·7 | 0·6, 0·9** | 15·3 | 12·3, 18·8*** | 12·0 | 9·2, 15·6*** |
| ≥6 | 0·7 | 0·6, 0·8*** | 0·6 | 0·5, 0·9** | 36·5 | 28·5, 46·7*** | 23·3 | 16·7, 32·4*** |
| Number of children under 5 years | ||||||||
| No child | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| ≥1 | 0·8 | 0·7, 0·9** | 0·9 | 0·8, 1·2 | 3·1 | 2·7, 3·6*** | 1·5 | 1·2, 1·9*** |
| Electricity | ||||||||
| Yes | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| No | 2·0 | 1·6, 2·4*** | 1·5 | 1·2, 1·9*** | 2·0 | 1·6, 2·4*** | 1·5 | 1·2, 2·0*** |
| Adequate sanitation | ||||||||
| Yes | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| No | 2·7 | 2·1, 3·4*** | 1·5 | 1·1, 2·0* | 6·6 | 5·2, 8·4*** | 2·8 | 2·0, 3·9*** |
| Adequate water supply | ||||||||
| Yes | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| No | 0·9 | 0·8, 1·00·8, 1·0† | 0·8 | 0·7, 1·0* | 0·8 | 0·7, 0·9** | 0·9 | 0·8, 1·1 |
| Region | ||||||||
| North | 3·0 | 2·3, 3·9*** | 1·6 | 1·1, 2·20*00 | 23·0 | 16·5, 32·2*** | 11·0 | 6·9, 17·7*** |
| Northeast | 2·8 | 2·1, 3·6*** | 1·7 | 1·2, 2·3** | 9·9 | 7·1, 14·0*** | 5·1 | 3·2, 8·1*** |
| South/Southeast | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Central-West | 3·2 | 2·4, 4·3*** | 1·7 | 1·1, 2·5** | 6·7 | 4·6, 9·6*** | 3·8 | 2·2, 6·3*** |
| Total monthly household income‡ | ||||||||
| ≤½ minimum wage | 2·2 | 1·8, 2·6*** | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·6* | 3·6 | 3·0, 4·2*** | 3·1 | 2·5, 3·9*** |
| >½ and ≤1 minimum wage | 1·4 | 1·1, 1·7*** | 1·8 | 1·4, 2·2*** | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·1 | – | |
| >1 minimum wage | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·0 | ||||
| Access to governmental programmes | ||||||||
| National Program of Family Agriculture Strengthening | 1·1 | 0·8, 1·4 | – | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·2 | – | ||
| Food Acquisition Program | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·3 | – | 0·4 | 0·3, 0·5*** | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·8*** | |
| Family Farm Insurance | 1·1 | 0·4, 3·6 | – | 1·1 | 0·4, 3·3 | – | ||
| Rural Technical Assistance and Extension | 1·0 | 0·6, 1·8 | – | 0·7 | 0·4, 1·3 | – | ||
| Crop Guarantee | 1·5 | 1·0, 2·1† | 1·5 | 1·0, 2·2† | 1·0 | 0·7, 1·5 | – | |
| Home visit by a community health agent | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·0† | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·1 | 0·8 | 0·7, 0·9** | 0·8 | 0·7, 1·0 |
| Center for Family Health Support | 0·5 | 0·5, 0·6*** | 0·7 | 0·5, 0·8*** | 0·4 | 0·3, 0·4*** | 0·5 | 0·5, 0·7*** |
| Food baskets | 0·8 | 0·7, 1·0* | 0·8 | 0·7, 1·0* | 0·5 | 0·4, 0·6*** | 0·8 | 0·6, 0·9* |
| Cisterns Program | 1·3 | 1·0, 1·8† | 1·4 | 1·0, 2·1† | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·1 | – | |
| Brazilian conditional cash transfer Bolsa Família | 1·3 | 1·1, 1·5*** | 1·4 | 1·2, 1·7*** | 5·5 | 4·8, 6·3*** | 3·3 | 2·8, 4·1*** |
| Continued Benefit Transfer | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·4 | – | 0·5 | 0·4, 0·6*** | 1·2 | 1·0, 1·6 | |
*
P < 0·05.
**
P < 0·01.
***
P < 0·001.
†
P < 0·20.
‡
Minimum wage in Brazil in 2011: $US 349·3 (R$ 545 (Brazilian real)).