Table 1.
Characteristics of hypertensive participants by total and by severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with measured plasma aldosterone under no interfering agents in UROSAH cohort.
| Total | Non-OSA | Mild OSA | Moderate OSA | Severe OSA | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2,066 | 520 (25.2) | 627 (30.3) | 465 (22.5) | 454 (22.0) | |
| Age (years) | 46.0 (40.0,52.0) | 43.0 (37.0,48.0) | 47.0 (41.0,52.0) | 48.0 (41.0,54.0) | 47.0 (40.0,53.0) | <0.001 |
| Men (n,%) | 1412.0 (68.3) | 290.0 (55.8) | 394.0 (62.8) | 346.0 (74.4) | 382.0 (84.1) | <0.001 |
| Women (n,%) | 654 (31.7) | 230 (44.2) | 233 (37.2) | 119 (25.6) | 72 (15.9) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette consumption (n,%) | 735.0 (35.6) | 133.0 (25.6) | 213.0 (34.0) | 181.0 (38.9) | 208.0 (45.8) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (n,%) | 730.0 (35.3) | 146.0 (28.1) | 208.0 (33.2) | 171.0 (36.8) | 205.0 (45.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (n,%) | 271.0 (13.1) | 40.0 (7.7) | 82.0 (13.1) | 67.0 (14.4) | 82.0 (18.1) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (n,%) | 70.0 (3.4) | 13.0 (2.5) | 22.0 (3.5) | 23.0 (4.9) | 12.0 (2.6) | 0.139 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.6 (25.4,30.1) | 26.2 (24.1,28.6) | 27.3 (25.4,29.8) | 28.1 (25.9,30.7) | 29.0 (26.7,31.5) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 99.0 (92.0,105.0) | 94.0 (87.0,100.0) | 98.0 (92.0,104.0) | 101.0 (95.0,107.0) | 103.0 (97.0,110.0) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 24.0 (17.0,35.0) | 23.0 (16.0,33.0) | 24.0 (17.0,35.0) | 22.0 (16.0,33.0) | 26.0 (18.0,36.0) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 100.4 (86.2,109.9) | 103.5 (87.6,113.0) | 99.3 (85.4,108.8) | 98.7 (87.6,107.9) | 101.2 (86.5,110.3) | 0.002 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4.5,5.3) | 4.8 (4.4,5.3) | 4.9 (4.5,5.3) | 4.9 (4.5,5.3) | 5.0 (4.5,5.5) | 0.018 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 3.9 (3.7,4.1) | 4.0 (3.7,4.1) | 3.9 (3.7,4.1) | 3.9 (3.7,4.1) | 3.9 (3.7,4.1) | 0.006 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 141.0 (139.0,143.0) | 141.0 (139.0,143.0) | 141.0 (139.0,143.0) | 141.0 (139.0,143.0) | 141.0 (139.0,143.0) | 0.417 |
| Plasma renin activity (ng/ml per h) | 1.4 (0.6,2.7) | 1.5 (0.7,2.8) | 1.3 (0.6,2.6) | 1.3 (0.6,2.7) | 1.5 (0.6,2.7) | 0.388 |
| Plasma aldosterone concentration (ng/dl) | 13.5 (9.2,19.6) | 13.1 (9.0,18.8) | 13.2 (9.0,19.7) | 13.8 (9.1,20.3) | 14.2 (9.7,19.5) | 0.206 |
| Aldosterone renin ratio | 9.8 (5.0,21.4) | 9.1 (4.6,19.1) | 9.9 (5.1,21.4) | 10.7 (52,23.4) | 9.5 (5.3,22.9) | 0.223 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 (3.9,5.0) | 4.4 (3.8,5.0) | 4.5 (3.8,5.1) | 4.8 (3.9,5.0) | 4.5 (4.0,5.1) | 0.515 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.2,2.4) | 1.6 (1.1,2.2) | 1.7 (1.2,2.4) | 1.8 (1.2,2.4) | 1.9 (1.3,2.6) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140.0 (130.0,150.0) | 140.0 (126.0,150.0) | 140.0 (130.0,150.0) | 140.0 (130.0,150.0) | 140.0 (130.0,150.0) | 0.046 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 90.0 (83.4,100.0) | 90.0 (82.0,100.0) | 90.0 (80.0,100.0) | 90.0 (82.0,100.0) | 94.0 (88.0,100.0) | 0.025 |
| Total sleep time (min) | 379.0 (334.0,419.0) | 379.8 (333.6,422.0) | 375.0 (331.0,413.0) | 371.5 (329.5,408.3) | 389.5 (341.4,429.5) | 0.001 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 72.0 (63.2,79.9) | 71.5 (63.0,80.0) | 71.6 (63.1,78.9) | 70.1 (61.8,78.8) | 74.8 (65.6,81.9) | <0.001 |
| 24 h urinary potassium (mmol/l) | 34.0 (23.7,44.2) | 32.9 (23.7,42.8) | 34.0 (24.4,44.1) | 35.5 (22.3,45.3) | 34.5 (23.7,45.4) | 0.362 |
| 24 h urinary sodium (mmol/l) | 164.8 (106.1,230.9) | 159.0 (106.2,220.6) | 166.1 (106.4,232.2) | 165.3 (103.8,239.2) | 171.2 (105.1,235.8) | 0.537 |
| Apnea hypopnea index (event/h) | 12.3 (4.8,27.0) | 1.6 (0.7,3.0) | 8.9 (6.6,11.6) | 20.4 (17.6,25.0) | 46.5 (6.0,60.8) | <0.001 |
| Apnea index (event/h) | 1.1 (0.1,7.1) | 0.0 (0.0,0.2) | 0.6 (0.1,2.0) | 3.6 (0.9,8.2) | 21.2 (8.5,36.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypopnea index (event/h) | 8.5 (3.4,17.0) | 1.4 (0.5,2.7) | 7.3 (5.5,9.9) | 16.2 (12.2,19.6) | 24.8 (14.0,34.4) | <0.001 |
| Lowest desaturation of oxygen (%) | 82.0 (77.0,87.0) | 88.0 (87.0,90.0) | 83.0 (80.0,86.0) | 80.0 (75.0,83.0) | 74.0 (67.0,78.0) | <0.001 |
| Mean desaturation of oxygenSaO2 (%) | 93.0 (91.0,94.0) | 94.0 (93.0,95.0) | 93.0 (92.0,94.0) | 92.0 (91.0,94.0) | 91.0 (90.0,93.0) | <0.001 |
| T90 (min) | 9.4 (1.0,50.3) | 0.4 (0.0,1.6) | 6.7 (2.0,21.1) | 22.0 (8.4,52.9) | 73.9 (30.9,129.2) | <0.001 |
| Oxygen desaturation index ≥3% (event/h) | 28.7 (15.4,49.2) | 11.9 (7.3,18.4) | 24.0 (18.2,30.9) | 38.9 (31.9,48.5) | 67.2 (53.4,84.5) | <0.001 |
| Oxygen desaturation index ≥4% (event/h) | 15.8 (6.7,32.1) | 4.6 (2.5,7.4) | 12.7 (9.0,16.8) | 25.0 (19.9,30.9) | 52.2 (40.0,70.4) | <0.001 |
| Maximum hypoventilation duration (min) | 33.9 (25.4,44.2) | 22.1 (17.6,27.9) | 31.6 (26.4,38.9) | 39.0 (32.6,47.3) | 45.8 (37.4,56.4) | <0.001 |
| Average hypoventilation duration (min) | 19.6 (17.5,22.1) | 17.4 (15.3,19.7) | 19.5 (17.9,21.8) | 20.5 (18.5,22.9) | 21.2 (18.6,24.1) | <0.001 |
| Wake after sleep onset (min) | 62.5 (33.5,101.5) | 61.0 (34.0,98.4) | 63.8 (33.9,104.1) | 67.0 (37.3,105.8) | 55.3 (,30.5,94.8) | 0.015 |
| Arousal index (min) | 14.0 (9.0,20.0) | 13.0 (9.0,18.0) | 13.5 (9.0,9.0,19.0) | 14.0 (9.0,20.0) | 14.0 (8.3,21.0) | 0.594 |
OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; UROSAH, Urumqi Research on Sleep Apnea and Hypertension; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; T90, time spent with oxygen saturation <90%.