Table 2.
Summary of meta-analysis for associated factors of undernutrition among older adults in Ethiopia, 2021
| S.no | Factors | No. of studies | AOR (95% CI) | P value | Heterogeneity | ||
| Q value | P value | I2 (%) | |||||
| 1 | Sex (male) | 5 | 0.17 (0.15 to 0.20) | <0.001 | 116.35 | <0.001 | 96.6 |
| Sex (female) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2 | Age (old-old) (>85) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Young old (65-74) | 5 | 0.22 (0.20 to 0.25) | <0.001 | 63.6 | <0.001 | 92.1 | |
| Middle old (75-84) | 4 | 1.63 (0.78 to 3.40) | 0.195 | 0.78 | 0.855 | 0.0 | |
| 3 | Depression (yes) | 3 | 1.27 (1.19 to 1.37) | <0.001 | 12.42 | 0.002 | 83.9 |
| Depression (no) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 4 | Wealth index (rich) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Poor | 5 | 1.90 (1.08 to 3.32 | 0.025 | 0.19 | 0.996 | 0.0 | |
| Middle | 5 | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.66) | 0.517 | 3.54 | 0.316 | 15.3 | |
| 5 | Marital status (not married) | 3 | 1.79 (0.82 to 3.90) | 0.143 | 0.43 | 0.807 | 0.0 |
| Marital status (married) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 6 | Educational status (no education) | 4 | 2.00 (0.98 to 4.05) | 0.055 | 0.20 | 0.977 | 0.0 |
| Educational status (with education) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 7 | Residence (rural) | 2 | 2.10 (0.70 to 6.30) | 0.183 | 0.06 | 0.807 | 0.0 |
| Residence (urban) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 8 | DDS (good) | ||||||
| DDS (middle) | 2 | 1.16 (0.79 to 1.69) | 0.446 | 0.06 | 0.804 | 0.0 | |
| DDS (poor) | 2 | 4.28 (0.43 to 13.07) | 0.217 | 0.03 | 0.871 | 0.0 | |
| 9 | Meal frequency (≤2) | 2 | 1.46 (0.82 to 2.56) | 0.196 | 0.34 | 0.559 | 0.0 |
| Meal frequency (>2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 10 | Declined food intake (yes) | 2 | 2.17 (0.44 to 10.66) | 0.338 | 0.10 | 0.757 | 0.0 |
| Declined food intake (no) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Young-old=65–74 years, middle-old=75–84 years, old-old= ≥85 years.
factors associated with under nutrition
DDS, dietary diversity score; I2 (tau-square), estimated variance of the observed effect size; Q-value, implies study variability.