Table 4.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression estimates for all candidate variables
| Candidate PF and type | Univariable (unadjusted) | Multivariable (adjusted for age, height, weight) | ||||||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | Best model fit | OR | 95% CI | P value | Best model fit | |
| Anthropometric (adjustment factors): | ||||||||
| 1: Age (years) | 1.12 | 1.06 to 1.18 | <0.001 | Linear | 1.12 | 1.05 to 1.18 | <0.001 | Linear |
| 2: Height (cm) | 1.03 | 0.99 to 1.07 | 0.13 | – | 1.02 | 0.97 to 1.07 | 0.46 | – |
| 3: Weight (kg) | 1.03 | 1.00 to 1.07 | 0.03 | Linear | 1.00 | 0.95 to 1.04 | 0.91 | – |
| Within 3 years preceding PHE, frequency of: | ||||||||
| 4: Foot/ankle injuries | 1.04 | 0.87 to 1.24 | 0.68 | – | 1.04 | 0.87 to 1.25 | 0.65 | – |
| 5: Hip/groin injuries | 1.16 | 0.90 to 1.51 | 0.25 | – | 1.29 | 0.99 to 1.70 | 0.06 | – |
| 6: Knee injuries | 0.96 | 0.72 to 1.29 | 0.81 | – | 0.98 | 0.72 to 1.32 | 0.88 | – |
| 7: Shoulder injuries | 2.38 | 0.98 to 5.75 | 0.05 | – | 1.89 | 0.76 to 4.74 | 0.17 | – |
| 8: Lumbar spine injuries | 0.88 | 0.60 to 1.29 | 0.50 | – | 1.08 | 0.72 to 1.61 | 0.71 | – |
| 9: Iliopsoas IMIs | 0.73 | 0.38 to 1.43 | 0.37 | – | 0.86 | 0.43 to 1.71 | 0.67 | – |
| 10: Hip adductor IMIs | 1.38 | 0.92 to 2.09 | 0.12 | – | 1.18 | 0.76 to 1.84 | 0.46 | – |
| 11: Hamstring IMIs | 1.56 | 1.17 to 2.09 | <0.001 | Linear | 1.35 | 1.00 to 1.83 | 0.05 | – |
| 12: Quadriceps IMIs | 1.08 | 0.67 to 1.73 | 0.75 | – | 1.05 | 0.65 to 1.71 | 0.84 | – |
| 13: Calf IMIs | 1.80 | 1.09 to 2.97 | 0.02 | Linear | 1.30 | 0.75 to 2.25 | 0.35 | – |
| Within 3 years preceding PHE, most recent: | ||||||||
| 14: Foot/ankle injury (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 14: Foot/ankle injury (<6 months) | 1.27 | 0.64 to 2.53 | 0.49 | – | 1.41 | 0.69 to 2.87 | 0.35 | – |
| 14: Foot/ankle injury (6–12 months) | 1.16 | 0.54 to 2.46 | 0.71 | – | 1.15 | 0.52 to 2.52 | 0.73 | – |
| 14: Foot/ankle injury (>12 months) | 1.27 | 0.75 to 2.13 | 0.37 | – | 1.22 | 0.71 to 2.09 | 0.47 | – |
| 15: Hip/groin injury (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 15: Hip/groin injury (<6 months) | 1.05 | 0.44 to 2.49 | 0.92 | – | 1.66 | 0.67 to 4.13 | 0.27 | – |
| 15: Hip/groin injury (6–12 months) | 0.59 | 0.23 to 1.50 | 0.27 | – | 0.65 | 0.25 to 1.69 | 0.38 | – |
| 15: Hip/groin injury (>12 months) | 1.58 | 0.87 to 2.87 | 0.14 | – | 1.80 | 0.96 to 3.36 | 0.07 | – |
| 16: Knee injury (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 16: Knee injury (<6 months) | 1.15 | 0.40 to 3.28 | 0.80 | – | 1.12 | 0.37 to 3.34 | 0.84 | – |
| 16: Knee injury (6–12 months) | 1.23 | 0.58 to 2.62 | 0.60 | – | 1.24 | 0.57 to 2.70 | 0.60 | – |
| 16: Knee injury (>12 months) | 0.93 | 0.53 to 1.61 | 0.79 | – | 0.99 | 0.56 to 1.75 | 0.96 | – |
| 17: Shoulder injury (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 17: Shoulder injury (<6 months) | 2.75 | 0.50 to 15.26 | 0.25 | – | 2.55 | 0.44 to 14.72 | 0.30 | – |
| 17: Shoulder injury (6–12 months) | 1.38 | 0.19 to 9.90 | 0.75 | – | 1.11 | 1.15 to 8.36 | 0.92 | – |
| 17: Shoulder injury (>12 months) | 3.21 | 0.81 to 12.67 | 0.10 | – | 2.36 | 0.58 to 9.62 | 0.23 | – |
| 18: Lumbar spine injury (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 18: Lumbar spine injury (<6 months) | 1.24 | 0.30 to 5.05 | 0.77 | – | 2.10 | 0.50 to 8.82 | 0.31 | – |
| 18: Lumbar spine injury (6–12 months) | 0.62 | 0.15 to 2.53 | 0.50 | – | 0.75 | 0.18 to 3.14 | 0.69 | – |
| 18: Lumbar spine injury (>12 months) | 0.70 | 0.34 to 1.44 | 0.33 | – | 0.97 | 0.46 to 2.06 | 0.94 | – |
| 19: Iliopsoas IMI (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 19: Iliopsoas IMI (<6 months) | 1.24 | 0.77 to 20.05 | 0.88 | – | 1.27 | 0.08 to 21.32 | 0.87 | – |
| 19: Iliopsoas IMI (6–12 months) | 0.62 | 0.15 to 2.53 | 0.51 | – | 0.83 | 0.20 to 3.43 | 0.80 | – |
| 19: Iliopsoas IMI (>12 months) | 0.57 | 0.21 to 1.55 | 0.27 | – | 0.66 | 0.24 to 1.82 | 0.42 | – |
| 20: Hip adductor IMI (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 20: Hip adductor IMI (<6 months) | 1.37 | 0.53 to 3.56 | 0.52 | – | 1.29 | 0.48 to 3.47 | 0.61 | |
| 20: Hip adductor IMI (6–12 months) | 1.37 | 0.43 to 4.36 | 0.60 | – | 1.16 | 0.35 to 3.81 | 0.81 | – |
| 20: Hip adductor IMI (>12 months) | 1.37 | 0.59 to 3.16 | 0.46 | – | 1.14 | 0.47 to 2.79 | 0.77 | – |
| 21: Hamstring IMI (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 21: Hamstring IMI (<6 months) | 2.84 | 0.81 to 9.99 | 0.10 | – | 2.07 | 0.57 to 7.56 | 0.27 | – |
| 21: Hamstring IMI (6–12 months) | 1.42 | 0.66 to 3.06 | 0.37 | – | 1.22 | 0.56 to 2.70 | 0.62 | – |
| 21: Hamstring IMI (>12 months) | 2.95 | 1.51 to 5.73 | <0.001 | Linear | 2.24 | 1.11 to 4.53 | 0.02 | Linear |
| 22: Quadriceps IMI (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 22: Quadriceps IMI (<6 months) | 1.74 | 0.38 to 7.91 | 0.48 | – | 1.56 | 0.33 to 7.36 | 0.58 | – |
| 22: Quadriceps IMI (6–12 months) | 0.58 | 0.17 to 1.93 | 0.37 | – | 0.59 | 0.17 to 2.04 | 0.41 | – |
| 22: Quadriceps IMI (>12 months) | 1.14 | 0.53 o 2.43 | 0.74 | – | 1.07 | 0.49 to 2.35 | 0.86 | – |
| 23: Calf IMI (never) | ref | ref | ref | – | ref | ref | ref | – |
| 23: Calf IMI (<6 months) | 3.78 | 0.98 to 14.56 | 0.05 | – | 3.11 | 0.78 to 12.46 | 0.11 | – |
| 23: Calf IMI (6–12 months) | 7.09 | 0.82 to 61.51 | 0.08 | – | 3.80 | 0.41 to 35.41 | 0.24 | – |
| 23: Calf IMI (>12 months) | 1.26 | 0.47 to 3.36 | 0.64 | – | 0.73 | 0.24 to 2.15 | 0.56 | – |
| Musculoskeletal: | ||||||||
| 24. Mean PROM hip IR (deg.) | 0.97 | 0.95 to 0.99 | 0.01 | Linear | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.00 | 0.06 | – |
| 25. Mean PROM hip ER (deg.) | 0.97 | 0.95 to 1.00 | 0.09 | – | 0.99 | 0.96 to 1.02 | 0.53 | – |
| 26. Mean hip flexor length (deg.) | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.04 | 0.46 | – | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.04 | 0.32 | – |
| 27. Mean hamstring/neural mobility length (deg.) | 0.99 | 0.96 to 1.02 | 0.53 | – | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.02 | 0.33 | – |
| 28. Mean calf muscle length (deg.) | 1.00 | 0.97 to 1.02 | 0.77 | – | 1.00 | 0.97 to 1.02 | 0.79 | – |
| Strength/power: | ||||||||
| 29: Max. leg extension power difference (W/kg−0.67) | 0.99 | 0.92 to 1.07 | 0.84 | – | 0.99 | 0.91 to 1.06 | 0.71 | – |
| 30: Mean of max. leg extension power (W/kg−0.67) | 1.02 | 0.99 to 1.05 | 0.24 | – | 1.01 | 0.97 to 1.04 | 0.73 | – |
| 31: Max. leg extension velocity difference (m.s-1) | 2.15 | 0.31 to 14.88 | 0.44 | – | 2.83 | 0.38 to 21.31 | 0.31 | – |
| 32: Mean of max. leg extension velocity (m.s-1) | 1.96 | 0.68 to 5.64 | 0.21 | – | 1.48 | 0.49 to 4.47 | 0.49 | – |
| 33: Max leg extension force difference (N/kg−0.67) | 0.99 | 0.98 to 1.02 | 0.76 | – | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.02 | 0.65 | – |
| 34: Mean of max. leg extension force (N/kg−0.67) | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 0.72 | – |
| 35: CMJ force per kg of body mass (N/kg) | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.06 | 0.78 | – | 0.99 | 0.92 to 1.07 | 0.80 | – |
| 36: CMJ height (cm) | 1.03 | 0.98 to 1.08 | 0.27 | – | 0.72 | 0.96 to 1.07 | 0.63 | – |
Note: ORs are expressed per one-unit increase for all continuous factors, and according to category for all categorical factors; factors in bold indicate significance at the <0.05 level.
N (note: N/kg–0.67 has a scaling factor to normalise force to body mass).54 W (note: W/kg–0.67 has a scaling factor to normalise force to body mass.)54
–, not applicable; CI, confidence interval; CMJ, countermovement jump; deg., degrees; ER, external rotation; Freq, frequency; I-IMI, index indirect muscle injury; IMI, indirect muscle injury; IR, internal rotation; max., maximum; m.s-1, metres per second; N, newtons; OR, odds ratio; PHE, periodic health examination; PROM, passive range of movement; ref, reference category; SLR, straight leg raise; WBL, weight-bearing lunge.