Table 5.
Association of health and lifestyle-related variables with anxiety and depression (n=283)
| Health and lifestyle-related variables | Anxiety | χ2 (p value) | Depression | χ2 (p value) | ||
| Presence n (%) |
Absence n (%) |
Presence n (%) |
Absence n (%) |
|||
| Duration of illness | ||||||
| ≤4 years | 45 (50.6) | 107 (55.2) | 0.518 (0.472) | 49 (47.6) | 103 (57.2) | 2.453 (0.117) |
| >4 years | 44 (49.4) | 87 (44.8) | 54 (52.4) | 77 (42.8) | ||
| Use of insulin | ||||||
| Yes | 17 (19.1) | 16 (8.2) | 6.977 (0.008)* | 20 (19.4) | 13 (7.2) | 9.459 (0.002)* |
| No | 72 (80.9) | 178 (91.8) | 83 (80.6) | 167 (92.8) | ||
| Presence of complications | ||||||
| None | 53 (59.6) | 159 (82.0) | 16.502 (<0.001)* | 63 (61.2) | 149 (82.8) | 16.345 (<0.001)* |
| Single | 23 (25.8) | 24 (12.4) | 26 (25.2) | 21 (11.7) | ||
| Two or more | 13 (14.6) | 11 (5.7) | 14 (13.6) | 10 (5.6) | ||
| Presence of comorbidities | ||||||
| None | 24 (27.0) | 102 (52.6) | 17.118 (<0.001)* | 28 (27.2) | 98 (54.4) | 22.617 (<0.001)* |
| Single | 32 (36.0) | 52 (26.8) | 35 (34.0) | 49 (27.2) | ||
| Two or more | 33 (37.0) | 40 (20.6) | 40 (38.8) | 33 (18.3) | ||
| Difficulty following a recommended diet | ||||||
| Too difficult | 24 (27.0) | 39 (20.1) | 1.686 (0.430) | 34 (33.0) | 29 (16.1) | 13.326 (<0.001)* |
| A bit difficult | 29 (32.6) | 71 (36.6) | 37 (35.9) | 63 (35.0) | ||
| Not difficult at all | 36 (40.4) | 84 (43.3) | 32 (31.1) | 88 (48.9) | ||
| History of mental illness | ||||||
| Yes | 9 (10.1) | 7 (3.6) | 4.839 (0.028)* | 10 (9.7) | 6 (3.3) | 4.992 (0.025)* |
| No | 80 (89.9) | 187 (96.4) | 93 (90.3) | 174 (96.7) | ||
| Ever tested for COVID-19 | ||||||
| Tested negative | 14 (15.7) | 17 (8.8) | 3.368 (0.186) | 9 (8.7) | 22 (12.2) | 0.850 (0.654) |
| Tested positive | 7 (7.9) | 21 (10.8) | 10 (9.7) | 18 (10.0) | ||
| Never tested | 68 (76.4) | 156 (80.4) | 84 (81.6) | 140 (77.8) | ||
| COVID-19 vaccination | ||||||
| Complete | 11 (12.4) | 17 (8.8) | 1.005 (0.605) | 9 (8.7) | 19 (10.6) | 2.508 (0.285) |
| Incomplete | 21 (23.6) | 44 (22.7) | 29 (28.2) | 36 (20.0) | ||
| Didn’t receive | 57 (64.0) | 133 (68.6) | 65 (63.1) | 125 (69.4) | ||
| COVID-19 fear | ||||||
| Low | 22 (24.7) | 83 (42.8) | 10.325 (0.006)* | 27 (26.2) | 78 (43.3) | 8.614 (0.013)* |
| Moderate | 32 (36.0) | 64 (33.0) | 39 (37.9) | 57 (31.7) | ||
| Severe | 35 (39.3) | 47 (24.2) | 37 (35.9) | 45 (25.0) | ||
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Yes | 31 (34.8) | 44 (22.7) | 4.625 (0.033)* | 39 (37.9) | 36 (20.0) | 10.733 (0.001)* |
| No | 58 (65.2) | 150 (77.3) | 64 (62.1) | 144 (80.0) | ||
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| Yes | 23 (25.8) | 32 (16.5) | 3.405 (0.065) | 27 (26.2) | 28 (15.6) | 4.753 (0.029)* |
| No | 66 (74.2) | 162 (83.5) | 76 (73.8) | 152 (84.4) | ||
| Sleep satisfaction | ||||||
| Satisfied | 45 (50.6) | 135 (69.6) | 9.540 (0.002)* | 52 (50.5) | 128 (71.1) | 12.039 (0.001)* |
| Not satisfied | 44 (49.4) | 59 (30.4) | 51 (49.5) | 52 (28.9) | ||
| Depression | ||||||
| Present | 47 (52.8) | 56 (28.9) | 15.109 (<0.001)* | – | – | – |
| Absent | 42 (47.2) | 138 (71.1) | – | – | ||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Present | – | – | – | 47 (45.6) | 42 (23.3) | 15.109 (<0.001)* |
| Absent | – | – | 56 (54.4) | 138 (76.7) | ||
*Statistical significance at p<0.05.