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. 2023 Jan 27;13(1):e064490. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064490

Table 7.

Factors associated with depression among people with diabetes (n=283)

Factors UOR 95% CI P value AOR* 95% CI P value
Living companion
 Alone 3.239 1.363 to 7.695 0.008† 1.586 0.553 to 4.548 0.391
 With family Ref Ref
Economic dependency
 Dependent 1.979 1.210 to 3.236 0.007† 1.890 1.026 to 3.482 0.041†
 Independent Ref Ref
Perceived level of social support
 Low 4.919 2.295 to 10.543 <0.001† 2.883 1.158 to 7.181 0.023†
 Moderate 2.032 1.163 to 3.551 0.013† 1.345 0.696 to 2.599 0.379
 High Ref Ref
Use of insulin
 Yes 3.095 1.468 to 6.528 0.003† 1.265 0.905 to 3.171 0.061
 No Ref Ref
Presence of complications
 None Ref Ref
 Single 2.928 1.535 to 5.587 0.010† 1.628 0.739 to 3.587 0.227
 Two or more 3.311 1.397 to 7.851 0.007† 2.308 1.858 to 6.422 0.046†
Presence of comorbidities
 None Ref Ref
 Single 2.500 1.367 to 4.573 0.003† 2.262 1.108 to 4.619 0.025†
 Two or more 4.242 2.274 to 7.915 <0.001† 2.575 1.180 to 5.617 0.017†
Health insurance coverage
 Full Ref Ref
 Partial 1.842 0.751 to 4.517 0.182 1.792 0.613 to 4.691 0.287
 None 3.410 1.483 to 7.842 0.004† 2.973 1.134 to 7.093 0.027†
Difficulty following recommended diet
 Too difficult 3.224 1.701 to 6.112 <0.001† 2.387 1.100 to 5.182 0.028†
 A bit difficult 1.615 1.005 to 2.865 0.046† 1.112 0.555 to 2.230 0.764
 Not difficult at all Ref Ref
History of mental illness
 Yes 3.118 1.099 to 8.848 0.033† 2.587 0.835 to 9.025 0.139
 No Ref Ref
COVID-19 fear
 Low Ref Ref
 Moderate 1.977 1.087 to 3.594 0.025† 1.496 0.731 to 3.060 0.270
 Severe 2.375 1.282 to 4.402 0.006† 2.117 1.009 to 4.573 0.042†
Alcohol use
 Yes 2.437 1.420 to 4.184 0.001† 2.401 1.199 to 4.806 0.013†
 No Ref Ref
Tobacco use
 Yes 1.929 1.063 to 3.500 0.031† 1.001 0.461 to 2.174 0.998
 No Ref Ref
Sleep satisfaction
 Satisfied Ref Ref
 Not satisfied 2.414 1.460 to 3.993 0.001† 1.995 1.093 to 3.644 0.025†

*Logistic regression model adjusted for all variables in the table except anxiety, Nagelkerke R2=0.358, Hosmer-Lemeshow Χ2=10.073, p=0.260.

†Statistical significance at p<0.05.

AOR, adjusted OR; UOR, unadjusted OR.