Table 7.

Factors associated with depression among people with diabetes (n=283)

Factors	UOR	95% CI	P value	AOR*	95% CI	P value
Living companion
Alone	3.239	1.363 to 7.695	0.008†	1.586	0.553 to 4.548	0.391
With family	Ref			Ref
Economic dependency
Dependent	1.979	1.210 to 3.236	0.007†	1.890	1.026 to 3.482	0.041†
Independent	Ref			Ref
Perceived level of social support
Low	4.919	2.295 to 10.543	<0.001†	2.883	1.158 to 7.181	0.023†
Moderate	2.032	1.163 to 3.551	0.013†	1.345	0.696 to 2.599	0.379
High	Ref			Ref
Use of insulin
Yes	3.095	1.468 to 6.528	0.003†	1.265	0.905 to 3.171	0.061
No	Ref			Ref
Presence of complications
None	Ref			Ref
Single	2.928	1.535 to 5.587	0.010†	1.628	0.739 to 3.587	0.227
Two or more	3.311	1.397 to 7.851	0.007†	2.308	1.858 to 6.422	0.046†
Presence of comorbidities
None	Ref			Ref
Single	2.500	1.367 to 4.573	0.003†	2.262	1.108 to 4.619	0.025†
Two or more	4.242	2.274 to 7.915	<0.001†	2.575	1.180 to 5.617	0.017†
Health insurance coverage
Full	Ref			Ref
Partial	1.842	0.751 to 4.517	0.182	1.792	0.613 to 4.691	0.287
None	3.410	1.483 to 7.842	0.004†	2.973	1.134 to 7.093	0.027†
Difficulty following recommended diet
Too difficult	3.224	1.701 to 6.112	<0.001†	2.387	1.100 to 5.182	0.028†
A bit difficult	1.615	1.005 to 2.865	0.046†	1.112	0.555 to 2.230	0.764
Not difficult at all	Ref			Ref
History of mental illness
Yes	3.118	1.099 to 8.848	0.033†	2.587	0.835 to 9.025	0.139
No	Ref			Ref
COVID-19 fear
Low	Ref			Ref
Moderate	1.977	1.087 to 3.594	0.025†	1.496	0.731 to 3.060	0.270
Severe	2.375	1.282 to 4.402	0.006†	2.117	1.009 to 4.573	0.042†
Alcohol use
Yes	2.437	1.420 to 4.184	0.001†	2.401	1.199 to 4.806	0.013†
No	Ref			Ref
Tobacco use
Yes	1.929	1.063 to 3.500	0.031†	1.001	0.461 to 2.174	0.998
No	Ref			Ref
Sleep satisfaction
Satisfied	Ref			Ref
Not satisfied	2.414	1.460 to 3.993	0.001†	1.995	1.093 to 3.644	0.025†

*Logistic regression model adjusted for all variables in the table except anxiety, Nagelkerke R²=0.358, Hosmer-Lemeshow Χ²=10.073, p=0.260.

†Statistical significance at p<0.05.

AOR, adjusted OR; UOR, unadjusted OR.