Table 3.
Nonparametric test of APT, TS and Cited by Clin. differences between groups
| Variable | Frequency | % | APT | TS | Cited by Clin. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean rank | Statistics | p value | Mean Rank | Statistics | p value | Mean rank | Statistics | p value | |||
| Characteristics of the paper | 7274 | ||||||||||
| Age of publication | 134.298*** | 0.000 | 1.367 | 0.713 | 64.481*** | 0.000 | |||||
| ≤ 10 (REF) | 3027 | 41.61 | 3884.16 | 3635.36 | 3475.86 | ||||||
| 11–20 | 2017 | 27.74 | 3670.51 | 3602.10 | 3766.18 | ||||||
| 21–30 | 1805 | 24.81 | 3314.80 | 3681.31 | 3755.61 | ||||||
| ≥ 31 | 425 | 5.84 | 3094.56 | 3634.69 | 3676.41 | ||||||
| Primary research paper | − 2.404* | 0.016 | − 8.603*** | 0.000 | − 4.110*** | 0.000 | |||||
| No (REF) | 409 | 5.62 | 3860.27 | 4503.93 | 3926.65 | ||||||
| Yes | 6865 | 94.38 | 3624.23 | 3585.88 | 3620.27 | ||||||
| Multidisciplinary science | − 5.663*** | 0.000 | − 1.780 | 0.075 | − 4.013*** | 0.000 | |||||
| No (REF) | 5223 | 71.80 | 3557.24 | 3664.92 | 3594.32 | ||||||
| Yes | 2051 | 28.20 | 3841.88 | 3567.66 | 3747.47 | ||||||
| Number of disciplines | − 3.660*** | 0.000 | − 5.144*** | 0.000 | − 1.054 | 0.292 | |||||
| 1 discipline | 4943 | 67.95 | 3580.66 | 3550.67 | 3625.07 | ||||||
| ≥ 2 disciplines | 2331 | 32.05 | 3758.04 | 3821.63 | 3663.87 | ||||||
| Number of authors | 795.584*** | 0.000 | 481.189*** | 0.000 | 128.936*** | 0.000 | |||||
| 1 author | 239 | 3.29 | 3517.08 | 4541.45 | 3834.75 | ||||||
| 2–5 authors | 3514 | 48.31 | 3063.45 | 3121.82 | 3438.07 | ||||||
| 6–10 authors | 2388 | 32.83 | 3932.05 | 3902.93 | 3794.33 | ||||||
| ≥ 11 authors | 1133 | 15.58 | 4822.51 | 4486.77 | 3883.88 | ||||||
| Number of funded projects | 162.352*** | 0.000 | 67.652*** | 0.000 | 7.598* | 0.022 | |||||
| 0 funded project | 1834 | 25.21 | 3367.23 | 3658.34 | 3703.84 | ||||||
| 1–3 funded projects | 2611 | 35.89 | 3437.73 | 3387.54 | 3582.02 | ||||||
| ≥ 4 funded projects | 2829 | 38.90 | 3997.09 | 3854.69 | 3645.69 | ||||||
| Characteristics of the author | |||||||||||
| Physical age | 38.415*** | 0.000 | 61.759*** | 0.000 | 61.394*** | 0.000 | |||||
| ≤ 35 | 38 | 0.52 | 3812.88 | 4279.62 | 3639.16 | ||||||
| 36–45 | 369 | 5.07 | 3673.12 | 3549.45 | 4004.33 | ||||||
| 46–55 | 1634 | 22.47 | 3663.99 | 3534.23 | 3784.27 | ||||||
| 56–65 | 2480 | 34.09 | 3534.99 | 3564.61 | 3629.67 | ||||||
| 66–75 | 1730 | 23.79 | 3559.79 | 3573.01 | 3496.06 | ||||||
| ≥ 75 | 1023 | 14.06 | 3955.75 | 4096.11 | 3528.85 | ||||||
| Gender | − 1.717 | 0.086 | − 0.035 | 0.972 | − 4.764*** | 0.000 | |||||
| Male | 7005 | 96.30 | 3629.89 | 3637.67 | 3621.47 | ||||||
| Female | 269 | 3.70 | 3835.66 | 3633.07 | 4054.98 | ||||||
| Nationality | 200.296*** | 0.000 | 329.320*** | 0.000 | 190.633*** | 0.000 | |||||
| The U.S. (REF) | 4765 | 65.51 | 3680.71 | 3633.47 | 3639.14 | ||||||
| Japan | 539 | 7.41 | 3704.36 | 4011.42 | 3499.82 | ||||||
| United Kingdom | 486 | 6.68 | 3164.83 | 3497.36 | 3443.69 | ||||||
| Australia | 343 | 4.71 | 3878.98 | 3639.59 | 4253.64 | ||||||
| Germany | 347 | 4.77 | 3158.15 | 2426.09 | 3155.74 | ||||||
| Canada | 283 | 3.89 | 3323.87 | 3282.74 | 3863.97 | ||||||
| Switzerland | 157 | 2.16 | 4719.60 | 4745.21 | 4351.32 | ||||||
| Israel | 97 | 1.33 | 2706.84 | 3406.66 | 3053.63 | ||||||
| France | 104 | 1.43 | 4761.88 | 5371.74 | 3596.94 | ||||||
| Sweden | 61 | 0.84 | 4303.43 | 5645.01 | 4217.01 | ||||||
| South Africa | 34 | 0.47 | 2452.22 | 2566.37 | 2911.00 | ||||||
| Argentina | 34 | 0.47 | 2964.71 | 2937.47 | 3625.66 | ||||||
| Romania | 24 | 0.33 | 3055.69 | 4124.33 | 3256.21 | ||||||
| Nobel prize | − 3.597*** | 0.000 | − 0.403 | 0.687 | − 3.808*** | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 3527 | 48.49 | 3553.65 | 3647.71 | 3570.10 | ||||||
| Yes | 3747 | 51.51 | 3716.42 | 3627.89 | 3700.95 | ||||||
| Characteristics of the institution | |||||||||||
| Number of institutions | 590.902*** | 0.000 | 240.253*** | 0.000 | 41.780*** | 0.000 | |||||
| ≤ 1 institution | 1903 | 26.16 | 3063.97 | 3294.53 | 3526.83 | ||||||
| 2–5 institutions | 3987 | 54.81 | 3545.27 | 3538.42 | 3615.46 | ||||||
| ≥ 6 institutions | 1384 | 19.03 | 4691.78 | 4394.51 | 3853.17 | ||||||
| Institutional type | 172.779*** | 0.000 | 275.008*** | 0.000 | 140.825*** | 0.000 | |||||
| University (REF) | 5726 | 78.72 | 3531.46 | 3506.45 | 3549.19 | ||||||
| Research Institute | 1128 | 15.51 | 4170.93 | 4439.32 | 4031.14 | ||||||
| Hospital | 296 | 4.07 | 4012.62 | 3471.44 | 4029.85 | ||||||
| Business or company | 45 | 0.62 | 4121.52 | 4811.80 | 3628.46 | ||||||
| Foundation | 79 | 1.08 | 2025.84 | 1640.30 | 2952.53 | ||||||
Statistics: Mann–Whitney U (2 samples) or Kruskal–Wallis 1-way ANOVA (k samples) tests
IQR inter-quartile range
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05