Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers and infants.
| Characteristics | Participants | P-value# | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low score (n = 893)a | High score (n = 578)b | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age ≥ 30 years, n (%) | 377 (42.2) | 249 (43.1) | 0.744 |
| Education ≤ 12 years, n (%) | 311(34.8) | 164 (28.4) | 0.010 |
| Household income < 6,000 RMB/month, n (%) | 492 (55.1) | 270 (46.7 | 0.002 |
| Perinatal health status | |||
| Multipara, n (%) | 443 (49.6) | 279 (48.3) | 0.616 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2, n (%) | 148 (16.6) | 109 (18.9) | 0.260 |
| Gestational diabetes, n (%) | 179 (20.0) | 128 (22.2) | 0.355 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean ± SD, mmHg | 111 ± 9.6 | 110 ± 10.2 | 0.859 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean ± SD, mmHg | 69 ± 7.2 | 69 ± 7.9 | 0.594 |
| Anemia during pregnancy, n (%) | 353 (39.5) | 223 (38.6) | 0.737 |
| Depressive symptom, n (%) | 128 (14.3) | 65 (11.2) | 0.087 |
| Pregnancy lifestyle | |||
| Physical activity < 3 days/week, n (%) | 403 (45.1) | 183 (31.7) | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin D supplement < 1 time/week, n (%) | 749 (83.9) | 482 (83.4) | 0.806 |
| Folic acid supplement < 1 time/week, n (%) | 70 (7.8) | 43 (7.4) | 0.779 |
| Iron supplement < 1 time/week, n (%) | 594 (66.5) | 376 (65.1) | 0.562 |
| Infant characteristics | |||
| Cesarean section, n (%) | 285 (31.9) | 180 (31.1) | 0.517 |
| Female, n (%) | 422 (47.3) | 255 (44.1) | 0.238 |
| Gestational week at birth, mean ± SD, week | 39.3 ± 1.2 | 39.3 ± 1.2 | 0.845 |
| Birth weight, mean ± SD, g | 3,428 ± 443 | 3,417 ± 415 | 0.321 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months, n (%) | 309 (34.6) | 211 (36.5) | 0.242 |
| ASQ-3 at 12 months | |||
| Scores for communication domain, mean ± SD | 53.5 ± 9.2 | 55.5 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 |
| Scores for gross motor domain, mean ± SD | 45.3 ± 13.7 | 45.6 ± 13.7 | 0.732 |
| Scores for fine motor domain, mean ± SD | 51.8 ± 9.6 | 53.2 ± 8.9 | 0.004 |
| Scores for problem-solving domain, mean ± SD | 50.3 ± 10.8 | 51.4 ± 9.7 | 0.053 |
| Scores for personal social domain, mean ± SD | 47.9 ± 12.5 | 49.3 ± 10.7 | 0.029 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). #Chi-squared tests were used for categorical variables, and t-tests were used for continuous variables. a0–3 score. b4–7 score. The bold values indicate the results were statistical significance.