Table 2.
Associations of Mediterranean diet score during pregnancy with developmental delays in infants at 12 months.
| ASQ-3 failure | Mediterranean diet score (n = 1,471) | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Low scored n (%) |
High scoree n (%) |
RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
| Communication | 66 (7.4) | 15 (2.6) | 0.33 (0.19, 0.59) | 0.30 (0.14, 0.64) | 0.34 (0.16, 0.72) |
| Gross motor | 41 (4.6) | 28 (4.8) | 1.06 (0.65, 1.73) | 1.34 (0.74, 2.45) | 1.35 (0.73, 2.49) |
| Fine motor | 48 (5.4) | 22 (3.8) | 0.70 (0.42, 1.17) | 0.74 (0.38, 1.46) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.53) |
| Problem-solving | 34 (3.8) | 11 (1.9) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.98) | 0.81 (0.36, 1.86) | 0.87 (0.38, 2.00) |
| Personal social | 48 (5.4) | 12 (2.1) | 0.37 (0.20, 0.71) | 0.40 (0.17, 0.95) | 0.44 (0.18, 1.04) |
| Any failure | 155 (17.4) | 68 (11.8) | 0.63 (0.47, 0.86) | 0.71 (0.49, 1.05) | 0.75 (0.51, 1.11) |
n (%) for the frequency of ASQ-3 failures.
Relative risks (RR) with 95% CI for the dichotomous outcomes of ASQ-3 failures are for Mediterranean diet score during pregnancy (4–7 vs. 0–3).
aModel 1: Unadjusted.
bModel 2: Adjusted confounders included maternal age, education, household income, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational diabetes, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), anemia during pregnancy, depressive symptoms, maternal physical exercise, the supplement of nutrients such as vitamin D, folic acid, as well as iron and pregnancy history.
cModel 3: Model 2, additionally adjusted for delivery mode, gender, gestational week, birth weight, and the patterns of infant feeding.
d0–3 score.
e4–7 score.
The bold values indicate the results were statistical significance.