Table 3.

Current clinical trials using hydrogels as potential therapies for the management of OA (Data from: https://clinicaltrials.gov)

Study title	Material	Groups	Participants	Primary outcome	Phase	Status	Identifier
HUPS: hyalgan use in painful shoulder	Sodium hyaluronate	PBS control; 20 mg sodium hyaluronate injection	602	Improvement in shoulder pain on movement compared to the PBS control group	3	Completed	NCT00377624
Intra-articular PVA hydrogel in knee OA	PVA Hydrogel; Hylan G-F20 (Synvisc-One®)	2 ml injection of PVA hydrogel; 6 ml injection of Hylan G-F20 (Synvisc-One®)	43	To test if there are any adverse events at the injection site	N/A	Completed	NCT04693104
Intra-articular polyacrylamide hydrogel in knee OA	Polyacrylamide hydrogel with silver ions “Argiform”	Hydrous biopolymer with silver ions “Argiform”; Saline	144	Change of the total WOMAC score (WOMAC-T) in grade II-III OA patients	N/A	Unknown	NCT03897686
New hydroxyethyl cellulose hydrogel for the treatment of the pain of knee arthrosis	Hydroxyethyl cellulose hydrogel	Hydrogel injection	50	Pain assessment in terms of percentage of pain reduction using a visual analog scale	N/A	Recruiting	NCT04061733
Treatment of knee OA with PAAG-OA (ROSA)	Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG-OA)	Intra-articular injection of 6 ml PAAG-OA; Intra-articular injection of 6 ml Synvisc-One® (HA)	238	Comparing one injection of PAAG-OA with one injection of Synvisc-One® on pain over 6 months in subjects with knee OA	N/A	Active, not recruiting	NCT04045431
Safety and effectiveness study of a non-crosslinked HA Alkylamide HYADD(TM) 4 hydrogel for OA of the knee	Non-crosslinked HA Alkylamide	HYADD (TM) 4 hydrogel intra-articular injection; Placebo intra- articular injection	332	WOMAC pain sub-score	N/A	Unknown	NCT02187549
Hymovis™ versus placebo in knee OA (Hymovis)	Non-crosslinked HA Alkylamide (Hymovis)	Hymovis intra-articular injection; Phosphate buffered saline injection	800	WOMAC pain sub-score	3	Completed	NCT01372475
PAAG-OA treatment for knee OA (IDA)	Polyacrylamide hydrogel	Intra-articular polyacrylamide hydrogel injection	49	WOMAC pain sub-score	N/A	Active, not recruiting	NCT04179552
Arthrosamid injection for OA knee	Crosslinked polyacrylamide (Arthrosamid)	Intra-articular injection of water and crosslinked polyacrylamide	60	Changes in the WOMAC score between baseline (pre-injection) and 6 months and 12 months post-injection	N/A	Not yet recruiting	NCT05086068
Aquamid reconstruction for OA of the knee	Polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid)	Intra-articular injection of 3 ml aquamid reconstruction (AR) to the knee	50	Change from baseline in the pain sub-score of the WOMAC	N/A	Unknown	NCT03067090
Evaluation of the evolution of biological and imaging markers of bone and cartilage degradation in patients with knee OA receiving intra-articular injections of a hyaluronan derivative HYMOVIS®	HYMOVIS (obtained by hydration of the HA-based derivative named HYADD4p5)	Two treatment cycles of two injections of HYMOVIS® at baseline and 6 months	50	Assess the variation of type II collagen-specific biomarkers (Coll2-1, Coll2-1NO2 & CTX-II) after HYMOVIS® treatment versus baseline	N/A	Completed	NCT04293861
Geniculate artery embolization for treatment of OA	Embozene™ Color-Advanced hydrogel microspheres coated with an inorganic perfluorinated polymer used for embolization	Transcatheter arterial embolization using Embozene™	23	Change in knee pain using WOMAC score	N/A	Recruiting	NCT04379700
To look at the characteristics of synovial fluid and cartilage matrix in the osteoarthritic knee after HA injection	EUFLEXXA® is a hyaluronate hydrogel produced from bacteria	EUFLEXXA® intra-articular injection	12	To identify imaging markers for characterizing the biochemical profiles in synovial fluid and cartilage in knee OA 3 months after HA injection	4	Completed	NCT01895959
Efficacy and safety of Hymovis ONE® (32 mg/4 ml) intra-articular injection in active patients with knee overuse syndrome	Hymovis® ONE	Hymovis® ONE (32 mg/4 ml) intra-articular mono injection.	31	The efficacy of Hymovis® ONE (32 mg/4 ml) single intra-articular injection in the management of pain caused by knee OA due to overuse: KOOS questionnaire	N/A	Completed	NCT04661111

Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) consists of three subscales: pain (five questions, 0–20 points), stiffness (two questions, 0–8 points), and physical function (17 questions, 0–68points). Higher scores represent worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations. Coll2 type II collagen, Coll2-1NO2 nitrate form of Coll2-1, CTX-II c-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type-II collagen, OA osteoarthritis, PVA polyvinyl alcohol, KOOS knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score, N/A not applicable