| Characteristics | Subgroup A, n = 50 | Subgroup B, n = 55 | Subgroup C, n = 99 | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 71.5 (67.6–74.5) | 71.1 (66.6–74.7) | 68.5 (66.8–72.0) | 0.042 |
| AF duration, months | 25.5 (12–74.5) | 24 (6–48) | 24 (6–48) | 0.175 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.4 (21.2–26.7) | 24.3 (22.9–27.1) | 24.4 (22.1–26.5) | 0.266 |
| <25, n (%) | 17 (35.4) | 21 (38.9) | 40 (41.7) | |
| ≥25, n (%) | 31 (64.6) | 33 (61.1) | 56 (58.3) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 35 (70.0) | 33 (60.0) | 59 (59.6) | 0.429 |
| Diabetes | 10 (20.0) | 10 (18.2) | 12 (12.1) | 0.384 |
| CAD | 16 (32.0) | 15 (27.3) | 16 (16.2) | 0.065 |
| Stroke or TIA | 1 (2.0) | 6 (10.9) | 4 (4.0) | 0.092 |
| Congestive heart failure | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 0.587 |
| COPD | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 0.587 |
| OSAS | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | / |
| NYHA functional class | 0.124 | |||
| I | 47 (100.0) | 52 (98.1) | 90 (93.8) | |
| II | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | 6 (6.3) | |
| III | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| CHA2DS2‐VA score, n (%) | 0.197 | |||
| 1 | 9 (18.0) | 10 (18.2) | 30 (30.3) | |
| 2 | 17 (34.0) | 23 (41.8) | 40 (40.4) | |
| 3 | 17 (34.0) | 12 (21.8) | 19 (19.2) | |
| >3 | 7 (14.0) | 10 (18.2) | 10 (10.1) | |
| LAD, mm | 41 (35.8–42.0) | 38 (35.8–42.0) | 39 (34.8–41.0) | 0.381 |
| LVEF, % | 62.3 (59–65) | 61.2 (58.8–64.0) | 63.9 (59–66.3) | 0.080 |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| Class I AAD | 10 (20.0) | 18 (32.7) | 10 (10.1) | 0.002 |
| Class III AAD | 15 (30.0) | 18 (32.7) | 21 (21.2) | 0.243 |
| ACEI or ARB | 15 (30.0) | 14 (25.5) | 27 (27.3) | 0.872 |
| Beta blocker | 20 (40.0) | 15 (27.3) | 30 (30.3) | 0.338 |
| CCB | 12 (24.0) | 7 (12.7) | 19 (19.2) | 0.327 |
| Digoxin | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.256 |
Subgroup A, females with LVA who received additional substrate modification; Subgroup B, females with LVA who received CPVI alone; Subgroup C, females without LVA.
AAD, denotes antiarrhythmic drugs; ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCB calcium channel blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPVI, circumferential pulmonary vein isolation; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association heart failure classification; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.
a
Plus‐minus values are means ±SD.