Table 3. Use of Various Equivalent Circuits to Measure Biospecific Bioimpedance and the Frequency (and Dispersion) Ranges within Which They Were Acquired.

measured parameters	frequency range	dispersion range	circuit model	AC signal amplitude	source
human body electrical shock	4 Hz to 5 kHz	α	Cole	n/a	(83)
cancerous cell discrimination	1 Hz to 1 MHz	α, β	n/a	100 mV	(84)
fibrosis	5 Hz to 100 kHz	α, β	Cole	n/a	(85)
myoblast growth/differentiation	10 Hz to 1 MHz	α, β	modified Cole	50–100 mVp-p	(86)
myocardial infarction/scar formation	200 Hz to 200 kHz	α, β	RC	0.198–1.98 Vp-p	(87)
myoblast growth differentiation	500 Hz to 60 kHz	α, β	Frick, Cole	400 mVp-p	(75)
edema	1–500 kHz	α, β	Modified Cole	n/a	(88)
cell proliferation	3–30 kHz	α, β	Cole	200 mVp-p	(89)
seizure-like electrical activity	4.7 kHz to 2.0 MHz	β	Fricke, Cole	n/a	(90)
edema	20 kHz	β	Cole	n/a	(91)
identification of pulmonary nodules	50 kHz to 5 MHz	β	n/a	n/a	(92)
cell counting flow cytometry	100 kHz to 1 MHz	β	modified Fricke	250 mV	(93)
breathing activity	2 MHz to 6 GHz	β, δ	n/a	n/a	(94)
breast cancer monitoring	0.2–13.6 GHz	δ, γ	Cole	n/a	(46)
tissue characterization	0.5–26.5 GHz	δ, γ	Cole	n/a	(95)
breast cancer monitoring	0.5–50 GHz	δ, γ	Cole	n/a	(96)
cell counting flow cytometry	6.5–30 GHz	δ, γ	modified Fricke	1 V	(78)