Table 2.
Baseline laboratory characteristics of patients (n = 121)
| Parameter | Total (n = 121) | Grade I (n = 50) | Grade II (n = 47) | Grade III (n = 24) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin (gm/dL) | 9.8 (8.12, 11.4) | 9.2 (7.9, 11.4) | 9.5 (8.5, 10.9) | 9 (8.8, 9.9) | 1.0 |
| Blood pH | 7.11 (7.01, 7.22) | 7.22 (7.18, 7.26) | 7.08 (7.03, 7.11) | 6.93 (6.88, 6.96) | <0.0001 |
| Blood pH, n (%) | |||||
| ≤7.0 | 25 (20.7%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 24 (100%) | <0.0001 |
| >7.0–≤7.1 | 35 (28.9%) | 0 (0) | 36 (76.6%) | 0 (0) | |
| >7.1 | 61 (50.4%) | 50 (100%) | 11 (23.4%) | 0 (0) | |
| Serum bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 9.6 (7.6, 12) | 12.1 (11.1, 13.4) | 8.7 (7.5, 9.6) | 7.25 (5.5, 7.9) | <0.0001 |
| Serum bicarbonate (mmol/L) | |||||
| ≤5 | 4 (3.3%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (16.6) | <0.0001 |
| >5–≤10 | 62 (51.2%) | 1 (2%) | 41 (87.3) | 20 (83.3%) | |
| >10–15 | 55 (45.5%) | 49 (98%) | 6 (12.7%) | 0 (0) | |
| Anion gap | 11.15 (6, 14.8) | 12 (6, 14) | 11 (5, 14) | 11 (6, 20) | 0.6 |
| Anion gap >16 mmol/L, n (%) | 20 (16.5%) | 8 (16%) | 5 (10.6%) | 7 (33.3%) | 0.14 |
| Serum lactate (mmol/L) | 2.40 (1.8, 3.3) (n = 109) | 2 (2, 3) (n = 45) | 2 (2, 3) (n = 41) | 3 (2, 4) (n = 23) | 0.042 |
| Serum lactate (>2 mmol/L), n (%) | 67 (61.47%) (n = 109) | 25 (55.5%) (n = 45) | 25 (60.97%) (n = 41) | 17 (73.9%) (n = 23) | 0.34 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 143 (137, 152) | 141 (137, 149) | 147 (137, 154) | 145 (137, 158) | 0.27 |
| Hyponatremia (<135 mmol/L)$, n (%) | 14 (11.6%) | 7 (14%) | 5 (10.6) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.81 |
| Severe hyponatremia (<125, mmol/L), n (%) | 4 (3.3%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (2.1%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.32 |
| Hypernatremia (>145 mmol/L)$, n (%) | 54 (44.6%) | 18 (36%) | 24 (51%) | 12 (50) | 0.0004 |
| Severe hypernatremia (>170 mmol/L), n (%) | 8 (6.6%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (8.4%) | 4 (16.6%) | 0.007 |
| Serum potassium (mEq/L) | 4.2 (3.6, 4.9) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.8) | 4.3 (3.7, 4.9) | 4.6 (3.9, 6.8) | 0.044 |
| Hypokalemia (<3.4 mmol/L)$, n (%) | 22 (18.2%) | 11 (22%) | 8 (16.8%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.7 |
| Severe hypokalemia (<2.5 mmol/L), n (%) | 5 (4.1%) | 2 (4%) | 2 (4.2%) | 1 (4.2%) | 1 |
| Hyperkalemia (>5.4 mmol/L)$, n (%) | 19 (15.8%) | 3 (6%) | 8 (16.8%) | 8 (33.6%) | 0.006 |
| Severe hyperkalemia (>7.5 mmol/L), n (%) | 3 (2.5%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (12.6%) | 0.007 |
| Serum chloride (mmol/L) | 124 (117, 134) | 122 (116, 13) | 126 (120, 139) | 127 (120, 136) | 0.089 |
| Hypochloremia (≤96 mmol/L)$, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0.19 |
| Hyperchloremia (≥108 mmol/L)$, n (%) | 116 (95.8%) | 48 (96%) | 45 (95.7%) | 23 (95.8%) | 1.0 |
Values are in median (IQR), unless specified otherwise,
$ Cut-offs for various dyselectrolytemias were defined as per Greenbaum et al.10