Representative records and pooled data for contractions of engineered heart tissue (EHT) after 3 wk culture, before drug/vehicle treatment. A: superimposed twitch contractions for EHT at various lengths above and below culture length (Lo). B: relationship between force vs. EHT length: same experiment as in A (means ± SE, n = 3 contractions, errors are smaller than symbols). C: baseline parameters before drug/vehicle treatment for all EHTs in cohort (individual and mean values, n = 14, and coefficients of variation).