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. 2023 Jan 31;81:57–67. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.01.013

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Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 3 — Relative Pre-Pandemic (2016–2019) and Post-Pandemic (2009–2020) Changes in Annual All-Cause Mortality (Odds-Ratio) among United States Population of Beneficiaries Enrolled in Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS) Parts A and B, by Sociodemographic Characteristics*^#.

* Dashed lines signify population averages.

^# Odds ratios greater than 1.000 signify increasing (i.e., worsening) all-cause mortality. Odds ratios less than 1.000 signify declining (i.e., improving) all-cause mortality.