Table 5.
Interaction of genetic risk score (GRS) and lifestyles and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the risk of serum LDL concentrations of GRS after covariate adjustments according to the patterns of lifestyles†
| Medium-GRS (n 13 644) |
High-GRS (n 10 076) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-GRS | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | GRS-nutrient interaction P value |
|
| Low balanced Korean diet‡ | 1 | 1·094 | 0·951, 1·258 | 1·157 | 0·957, 1·398 | 0·2895 |
| High balanced Korean diet | 1·064 | 0·967, 1·171 | 1·231** | 1·076, 1·408 | ||
| Low Western flour-rich diet§ | 1 | 1·114 | 0·986, 1·285 | 1·180 | 0·972, 1·434 | 0·0413 |
| High Western flour-rich diet | 1·057 | 0·961, 1·162 | 1·212** | 1·061, 1·384 | ||
| Low rice-based diet‖ | 1 | 1·102 | 1·001, 1·231 | 1·278** | 1·117, 1·462 | 0·3474 |
| High rice-based diet | 1·108 | 1·008, 1·219 | 1·229*** | 1·117, 1·352 | ||
| Low energy¶ | 1 | 1·017 | 0·926, 1·116 | 1·179* | 1·035, 1·342 | 0·0492 |
| High energy | 1·151 | 1·035, 1·279 | 1·104 | 0·957, 1·274 | ||
| Low CHO percentage†† | 1 | 0·995 | 0·871, 1·138 | 1·164 | 0·967, 1·400 | 0·5824 |
| High CHO percentage | 1·082 | 0·972, 1·204 | 1·169* | 1·009, 1·355 | ||
| Low protein percentage‡‡ | 1 | 1·084 | 0·968, 1·213 | 1·192* | 1·020, 1·393 | 0·8751 |
| High protein percentage | 1·057 | 0·947, 1·180 | 1·213* | 1·041, 1·414 | ||
| Low fat percentage§§ | 1 | 1·079 | 0·978, 1·191 | 1·219* | 1·063, 1·397 | 0·2671 |
| High Fat percentage | 1·046 | 0·917, 1·193 | 1·166 | 0·972, 1·399 | ||
| Low alcohol drinking‖‖ | 1 | 1·110 | 1·107, 1·121 | 1·261** | 1·116, 1·425 | 0·7667 |
| High alcohol drinking | 1·097 | 0·914, 1·316 | 1·024 | 0·801, 1·309 | ||
| Low coffee intake¶¶ | 1 | 1·068 | 0·983, 1·161 | 1·187* | 1·058, 1·331 | 0·6037 |
| High coffee intake | 1·097 | 0·849, 1·417 | 1·374 | 0·958, 1·969 | ||
| Non- and past-smoking††† | 1 | 1·075 | 0·993, 1·163 | 1·203** | 1·079, 1·343 | 0·0644 |
| Smoking | 1·092 | 1·005, 1·187 | 1·193* | 1·064, 1·338 | ||
| Low physical activity‡‡‡ | 1 | 1·038 | 0·927, 1·163 | 1·073 | 0·918, 1·253 | 0·4593 |
| High physical activity | 1·105 | 0·990, 1·232 | 1·342*** | 1·151, 1·565 | ||
Non-risk allele (minor allele), heterozygote allele, risk allele (major allele) in each SNP were counted as 0, 1 and 2 and the scores of 4 selected SNP were added and GRS from 2 SNP of LDLR, 1 SNP of APOB and 1 SNP of PCSK9 was divided into three categories (0–1, 2–3 and 4–8) as the Low-GRS, Medium-GRS and High-GRS, respectively. Reference was the Low-GRS (n4666). Multivariate regression models include the corresponding main effects, interaction terms of GRS and lifestyles including nutrient intake and potential confounders such as BMI, residence area, gender, age, smoking, physical activity, energy, carbohydrate (CHO), fat, protein, cholesterol, coffee and alcohol intake and serum total cholesterol concentrations.
The cut-off points were as follows: ‡0·146 factor for balanced Korean diet, §0·09 factor for Western flour-rich diet, ‖0·07 factor for rich-based diet, ¶estimated energy intake, ††70 energy % CHO, ‡‡13 energy % of protein, §§15 energy % fat, ‖‖10 g alcohol per day, ¶¶1 cup of coffee per day; †††smoking status and ‡‡‡90 min physical activity per day.
Significantly different from the major allele in logistic regression analysis at * P < 0·05, ** P < 0·01, *** P < 0·001.