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. 2022 Oct 8;270(2):1162–1177. doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11388-1

Table 1.

Inventory of significant correlations between STN-LFP signal features and UPDRS symptom severity

Study n Patients/Hemispheres LFP signal feature UPDRS items Medication state Outcomea
Beta-based
 Doyle et al. (2005) [50] 14/14 Duration of movement-related spectral power decrease (13–35 Hz) Total UPDRS-III On, off R2 = 0.20
14/14 Amplitude of movement-related spectral power decrease (13–35 Hz) Total UPDRS-III On, off R2 = 0.15
 Kühn et al. (2006) [13] 9/17 Absolute spectral power within ± 2.5 Hz range around peak (8–35 Hz) Total hemibody Levodopa-induced changes ρ = 0.81
9/17 Absolute spectral power within ± 2.5 Hz range around peak (8–35 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Levodopa-induced changes ρ = 0.84
 Ray et al. (2008) [51] 7/11 Absolute spectral peak power (8–35 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Levodopa-induced changes ρ = 0.70
 Kühn et al. (2009) [14] 30/51 Absolute spectral power within ± 5.5 Hz range around peak (8–35 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Levodopa-induced changes R2 = 0.38
 Chen et al. (2010) [26] 12/23 Lempel-Ziv complexity (13–35 Hz) Total hemibody Off ρ = –0.54
12/23 Lempel-Ziv complexity (13–35 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off ρ = –0.53
 Pogosyan et al. (2010) [23] 18/36 Phase coherence between unilateral contacts (13–35 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off R2 = 0.15
 López-Azcárate et al. (2010) [15] 14/26 Normalised spectral peak power (12–20 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off ρ = 0.43
 Özkurt et al. (2011) [16] 9/17 Absolute spectral peak power (8–35 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity On, off ρ = 0.33
 Little et al. (2012) [27] 18/36 Coefficient of variation spectral power over time (21–33 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off ρ = –0.59
10/17 Coefficient of variation spectral power over time (21–33 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Levodopa-induced changes ρ = –0.66
 Hohlefeld et al. (2013) [52] 10/10 Imaginary part of coherency between unilateral contacts (10–30 Hz)b Total UPDRS-III Levodopa-induced changes R2 = 0.55
 Hohlefeld et al. (2014) [53] 8/8 Imaginary part of coherency between bilateral contacts (10–20 Hz)b Total UPDRS-III Off R2 = 0.73
 van Wijk et al. (2016) [18] 33/65 Normalised spectral power (13–20 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity On, off R2 = 0.09
 Neumann et al. (2016) [19] 63/63 Normalised spectral power (8–35 Hz)b Total UPDRS-III Off ρ = 0.44
 West et al. (2016) [21] 12/21 Absolute spectral power (13–20 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off

R2 = 0.39

ρ = 0.66
12/22 Absolute spectral power (13–20 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Levodopa-induced changes

R2 = 0.40

ρ = 0.56
12/24 Coherence between unilateral contacts (13–20 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off

R2 = 0.41

ρ = 0.64
12/24 Weighted phase lag index between unilateral contacts (13–20 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off

R2 = 0.31

ρ = 0.58
12/12 Detrended fluctuation analysis of phase synchrony between bilateral contacts (13–20 Hz)b Bradykinesia + rigidity Off

R2 = 0.47

ρ = 0.73
11/11 Detrended fluctuation analysis of phase synchrony between bilateral contacts (13–20 Hz)b Bradykinesia + rigidity Levodopa-induced changes

R2 = 0.33

ρ = 0.83
 Beudel et al. (2017) [47] 39/78 Normalised spectral peak power (13–30 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off ρ = 0.40
 Neumann et al. (2017) [20] 12/24 Normalised spectral power within ± 3 Hz range around peak (13–35 Hz) Total hemibody On, off ρ = 0.25
 Tinkhauser et al. (2017) [24] 8/16 Percentage of beta bursts with long duration Total hemibody Off ρ = 0.55
8/16 Percentage of beta bursts with short duration Total hemibody Off ρ = –0.30
8/16 Median beta burst duration Total hemibody Levodopa-induced changes ρ = 0.50
 Tinkhauser et al. (2017) [25] 13/16 Percentage of beta bursts with long duration Total hemibody Off R2 = 0.12
13/16 Percentage of beta bursts with short duration Total hemibody Off R2 = 0.10
 Martin et al. (2018) [54] 13/26 Normalised spectral peak power (13–35 Hz) Total hemibody Off ρ = 0.50
13/26 Normalised spectral peak power (13–35 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off ρ = 0.68
 Özkurt et al. (2020) [17] 14/26 Nonlinearity of time series (13–30 Hz) Hemibody tremor Off R2 = 0.20
14/26 Normalised spectral power (13–30 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off R2 = 0.25
14/26 Normalised spectral power (13–30 Hz) Hemibody tremor Off R2 = 0.26
 Tamir et al. (2020) [22] 8/12 Normalised spectral power (13–30 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off R2 = 0.36
 Nie et al. (2021) [55] 10/10 Percentage of beta bursts with long durationb Total UPDRS-III Off ρ = 0.74
10/20 Percentage of beta bursts with long duration Hemibody tremor Off ρ = 0.59
10/20 Percentage of beta bursts with long duration Hemibody rigidityc Off ρ = 0.45
 Sure et al. (2021) [56] 24/44 Beta burst duration Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off R2 = 0.23
Other
 Pogosyan et al. (2010) [23] 18/36 Phase coherence between unilateral contacts (8–12 Hz) Hemibody tremor Off R2 = 0.15
 López-Azcárate et al. (2010) [15] 14/26 Normalised spectral peak power (250–350 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off ρ = 0.50
14/24 Movement-related changes in spectral peak power (250–350 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off R2 = 0.39
14/22 Phase-amplitude coupling (10–30 vs 200–400 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off ρ = 0.49
 Özkurt et al. (2011) [16] 9/18 Ratio of spectral power ± 10 Hz around slow (200–300 Hz) and fast peaks (300–400 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity On, off ρ = 0.36
 Giannicola et al. (2013) [57] 18/18 Normalised spectral power (2–7 Hz) Total UPDRS-III On R2 = 0.26
 Wang et al. (2014) [58] 10/15 Spectral peak power (160–470 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off R2 = 0.55
 van Wijk et al. (2016) [18] 33/65 Phase-amplitude coupling (13–20 vs 150–400 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity On, off R2 = 0.11
 West et al. (2016) [21] 12/24 Absolute spectral power (5–12 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Off

R2 = 0.33

ρ = –0.61
 Ozturk et al. (2020) [59] 9/9 Normalised spectral power (4–12 Hz) Total hemibody Levodopa-induced changes R2 = 0.12
9/9 Normalised spectral power (4–12 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Levodopa-induced changes R2 = 0.12
9/9 Normalised phase-amplitude coupling (13–22 vs 200–300 Hz) Total hemibody Levodopa-induced changes R2 = 0.11
9/9 Normalised phase-amplitude coupling (13–22 vs 200–300 Hz) Hemibody bradykinesia + rigidity Levodopa-induced changes R2 = 0.17
 Weber et al. (2020) [60] 19/38 Differential entropy Hemibody bradykinesiac Off ρ = 0.48
 Belova et al. (2021) [61] 22/35 Movement-related change in 1/f spectral slope Total UPDRS-III Off R2 = 0.08
 Nie et al. (2021) [55] 10/20 Percentage of theta bursts with long duration Hemibody tremor Off ρ = 0.46

aOutcomes are reported as explained variance (R2) computed from Pearson’s correlation coefficient or as Spearman’s rho (ρ). Values are rounded to two digits

bTotal UPDRS-III and UPDRS scores for bilateral signal features (e.g. connectivity measures) were not lateralised. The number of included hemispheres is adjusted accordingly

cCorrelations for bradykinesia and rigidity items are listed separately as average in case no combined bradykinesia + rigidity category was included in the original study