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. 2023 Jan 17;10:1082217. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1082217

Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analyses.

References Country Subjects Age (mean ±SD) Males (%) Average daylight hours (fasting hours) Population Caloric intake during Ramadan* Variable Before R 2nd or 3rd week of R 4th week of R Immediately after R Long after R
Adanan et al. (7) Malaysia 68 54.3 ± 2.2 55.2 13 h 35 min CKD patients ↑ BMI 26 ± 4.20 25.80 ± 4.10 25.90 ± 4.20
FM 23.20 ± 8.40 22.20 ± 8.80 23.10 ± 8.30
FP 29 ± 8.50 28.80 ± 8.40 29 ± 8.40
WC 92 ± 11.40 90.30 ± 10.70 91.50 ± 11.60
Adnan et al. (10) Malaysia 35 54 ± 2.2 46 12 h 38 min CKD patients NA Weight 65.20 ± 12.30 65.20 ± 12.50
Ahmadinejad et al. (35) Iran 81 22.7 ± 2.3 50.6 10 h 30 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 21.20 ± 4.50 20.90 ± 2
Weight 62.40 ± 11.60 61.20 ± 10.80
Al Awadi et al. (36) NM 136 32 ± NM 55.1 Unknown T1D patients NA Weight 74.80 ± 14.30 75 ± 14.40
WC 89.30 ± 16.30 88.70 ± 15.80
Aliasghari et al. (37) NM 42 36 ± 7 59.5 Unknown NAFLD Patients NA BMI 30.09 ± 4.49 29.28 ± 4.14
Weight 83.65 ± 13.02 81.50 ± 12.80
WC 100.21 ± 11.02 99.26 ± 10.86
HC 107.02 ± 7.11 106.47 ± 7.09
Akanji et al. (38) Kuwait 64 48 ± 10.6 71.7 11 h 44 min Hyperlipidaemic subjects NA Weight 82.40 ± 13.60 82.90 ± 14.80
Alzoughool et al. (11) Jordan 60 20.9 ± NM 28.3 15 h 25 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 24.10 ± 4.49 23.90 ± 4.34
Weight 65.10 ± 13.94 64.70 ± 13.16
WC 78 ± 11.62 78.10 ± 10.84
Bahmani (39) Iran 191 30 ± NM 18.8 14 h 14 min Prediabetic subjects NA BMI 29.44 ± 4.18 28.79 ± 4.25
Weight 69.30 ± 13.30 68.90 ± 11.30
Bashier et al. (40) NM 417 54 ± 11.6 41.5 Unknown T2D patients NA Weight 83.90 ± 17 83.80 ± 16.60
Bernieh et al. (41) NM 31 54 ± 4.2 61.3 Unknown CKD patients NA Weight 76.40 ± 18 75 ± 17.60 75.70 ± 18
Bencharif et al. (42) Algeria 72 51.2 ± 4.7 48.6 10 h 57 min T2D patients NA BMI 28 ± 4.30 27.90 ± 4.30 28.60 ± 4.30
Weight 75.40 ± 11.30 75.20 ± 11.40 77.1 ± 11.5
FP 33.40 ± 8.60 34.60 ± 8.50 33.70 ± 8.10
WC 94.40 ± 6.30 95 ± 6.40 96.40 ± 6.10
Bouida et al. (18) Tunisia 98 59.1 ± 10 87.7 12 h Individuals with high cardiovascular risk ↓ BMI 29.50 ± 3.70 29 ± 3.60 29.60 ± 3.70
Weight 83.20 ± 11.10 81.7 ± 11.1 82.90 ± 13.90
Dasgupta et al. (19) NM 43 32 ± 10.5 14 Unknown Healthy subjects ↓ BMI 22.68 ± 4.965.0 21.65 ± 4.75
Weight 51.60 ± 12.03 49.26 ± 11.55
WC 83.63 ± 11.01 81.32 ± 10.64
Devendra et al. (12) United Kingdom 52 62.3 ± 9.8 65.4 13 h 58 min T2D patients NA Weight 87.60 ± 8.11 88.20 ± 8.48
Ebrahimi et al. (8) Iran 42 38 ± 7 59.5 16 h 22 min Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients NA BMI 30.09 ± 4.49 29.28 ± 4.14
Weight 83.65 ± 13.02 81.50 ± 12.8
FP 34.70 ± 8.76 34.02 ± 8.82
WC 100.21 ± 11.02 99.26 ± 10.86
HC 107.02 ± 7.11 106.47 ± 7.09
Elfert et al. (43) Egypt 216 NM 65.3 14 h 18 min Liver Cirrhosis Patients NA BMI 28.7 ± 3 27.30 ± 3
Faris et al. (9) UAE 57 36 ± 12.5 61.4 15 h Overweight/ obese subjects ↑ BMI 30.80 ± 5.10 30.40 ± 5.10
Weight 89.40 ± 14.90 88.20 ± 14.50
FM 27 ± 9.10 26.10 ± 9.20
WC 93 ± 13 92 ± 12
HC 106 ± 11 105 ± 11
TBW 43.7 ± 8 43.3 ± 8
MM 55 ± 9.70 54.50 ± 6.30
Faris et al. (20) Jordan 50 32 ± 9.5 42 14 h 30 min Healthy subjects ↓ BMI 26.30 ± 5.01 25.85 ± 4.91 26.40 ± 5
Weight 71.82 ± 13.41 70.58 ± 13.20 71.92 ± 13.50
FP 24.12 ± 12.60 20.38 ± 11.32 30.48 ± 11.32
WC 83.62 ± 11.17 82.69 ± 10.34 82.68 ± 10.37
HC 102.61 ± 9.66 101.9 ± 9.98 101.02 ± 9.67
WHR 0.81 ± 0.07 0.81 ± 0.07 0.81 ± 0.06
Feizollahzadeh et al. (44) NM 70 48 ± NM 100 Unknown Healthy subjects NA BMI 27.98 ± 1.38 27.35 ± 1.51
Weight 79.77 ± 8.95 77.93 ± 8.93
Finch et al. (45) United Kingdom 41 35.3 ± 11.5 37 11 h 36 min Healthy subjects NA Weight 71 ± 12.04 70.7 ± 12.80 70.8 ± 12.61
Gholami et al. (13) Iran 20 NM 44.4 15 h 33 min T2D patients NA BMI 28.53 ± 3.90 28.14 ± 3.92
WC 99.66 ± 10.30 100.33 ± 9.70
Hassanein et al. (46) NM 1,749 58.3 ± 13.1 55.6 Unknown T2D patients NA Weight 84.70 ± 16 84 ± 14.40
WC 100.30 ± 14.30 99.20 ± 14.40
Hassanein et al. (47) United Kingdom 59 NM 55.9 Unknown T2D patients NA Weight 77.34 ± 12.85 77.58 ± 13.53
Khan et al. (48) Pakistan 35 21 ± 4 51.4 15 h 21 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 21.33 ± 3.99 21.27 ± 4.03 21.25 ± 3.94
Weight 60.49 ± 14.74 60.46 ± 15.02 60.17 ± 14.52
WC 79.9 ± 10.18 79.74 ± 10.33 79.42 ± 10.87
HC 95.56 ± 9.73 96.12 ± 7.69 96.19 ± 8.57
WHR 0.84 ± 0.07 0.83 ± 0.07 0.82 ± 0.07
Khattak et al. (49) Malaysia 30 NM 100 13 h 44 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 23.50 ± 3.96 23.40 ± 4.01
Weight 69 ± 8.30 68 ± 8.40
WHR 0.85 ± 0.04 0.84 ± 0.05
Karatoprak et al. (14) Turkey 76 57.4 ± 10.1 25 15 h 30 min T2D patients NA Weight 82.60 ± 14.60 82.70 ± 14.1
Kiyani et al. (50) Pakistan 80 20.5 ± NM 37.5 14 h 25 min Healthy subjects NA Weight 62.70 ± 8.80 62.30 ± 9
Muhammad et al. (51) Indonesia 45 33 ± 11.5 28.9 13 h 30 min Overweight/ obese subjects ↓ BMI 28.50 ± 3.50 27.90 ± 3.5 28.30 ± 3.70
Weight 71.30 ± 10.50 69.90 ± 10.4 70.90 ± 10.80
FP 33.70 ± 5.50 32.60 ± 5.6 33.20 ± 5.80
WC 85.20 ± 8.90 85.30 ± 10.5 85.60 ± 10.1
Madkour et al. (52) UAE 56 36 ± 12.4 60.7 15 h Overweight/obese subjects — BMI 30.91 ± 5.21 30.45 ± 5.09
Weight 89.39 ± 14.87 88.24 ± 14.56
FM 27.31 ± 9.56 26.09 ± 9.24
FP 30.47 ± 7.06 29.64 ± 7.11
MM 57.77 ± 10.22 57.37 ± 10.08
WC 95 ± 13.27 91.9 ± 11.37
HC 105.91 ± 10.54 104.65 ± 10.42
TBW 43.5 ± 7.6 43.23 ± 7.5
WHR 0.89 ± 0.08 0.89 ± 0.07
Malekmakan et al. (53) Iran 93 37 ± 7.9 52.7 15 h 15 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 26.1 ± 3.30 25.7 ± 3.20
Weight 71.6 ± 12.40 70.4 ± 12
WC 89.1 ± 11.10 87.5 ± 11.10
HC 101.4 ± 8.6 100.1 ± 8.50
Khaled and Belbraouet (54) Algeria 276 49 ± 6 0 12 h 29 min Diabetic and obese NA BMI 35.16 ± 3.63 34.4 ± 3.64 35.14 ± 3.94
Weight 84.26 ± 8.84 81.84 ± 8.67 83.6 ± 9.23
WC 107.3 ± 8.06 106.89 ± 7.96 107.25 ± 8.01
WHR 0.90 ± 0.06 0.89 ± 0.05 0.90 ± 0.05
Nachvak et al. (16) Iran 152 39 ± 10.7 100 15 h 33 min Healthy subjects ↓ BMI 26.10 ± 3.79 25.37 ± 3.74 26.08 ± 3.81
Weight 76.33 ± 11.40 74.22 ± 11.20 76.31 ± 11.50
FM 18.34 ± 6.10 17.60 ± 6.20 19.36 ± 6.20
FP 23.50 ± 5.60 23.13 ± 5.80 24.80 ± 5.40
WHR 0.9 ± 0.081 0.89 ± 0.082 0.90 ± 0.078
Namaghi et al. (55) Iran 80 45.4 ± 9 68 15 h 55 min Individuals with metabolic syndrome ↓ BMI 30.70 ± 4 30.10 ± 4
Weight 85.50 ± 13 84 ± 13
FM 31 ± 10 29.80 ± 10
MM 30.50 ± 6 30.20 ± 6
TBW 40.2 ± 7 39.9 ± 7
Nematy et al. (56) Iran 82 54 ± 10 46.3 13 h 44 min Cardiovascular Patients NA BMI 28.40 ± 4 27.70 ± 4
Weight 73.50 ± 13 71.70 ± 13
WC 98.3 ± 9 96.70 ± 9
Norouzy et al. (57) Iran 82 40.1 ± 6.3 65.8 13 h 44 min Healthy subjects ↓ BMI 26.18 ± 3.88 25.90 ± 3.85
Weight 71.81 ± 13.08 70.72 ± 13.01
FM 20.70 ± 6.16 20.26 ± 6.27
FP 28.52 ± 5.68 28.29 ± 6.05
WC 92.04 ± 11.01 90.71 ± 10.79
HC 102.93 ± 6.67 100.89 ± 6.83
Norouzy et al. (58) Iran 88 51 ± 10 51.1 13 h 44 min T2D patients NA BMI 27.60 ± 3.90 27.20 ± 3.80
Weight 72.60 ± 12.90 70.90 ± 12.50
WC 97.90 ± 9.60 97.20 ± 9.60
HC 105.50 ± 7.90 104.70 ± 8.50
Ongsara et al. (17) Thailand 65 20.8 ± 1.1 63.7 13 h 56 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 21.49 ± 3.55 21.27 ± 3.48 21.45 ± 3.61
Weight 55.73 ± 12.99 55.06 ± 13.27 55.65 ± 13.20
FM 12.68 ± 6.40 12.81 ± 6.52 14.21 ± 7.64
FP 23.86 ± 7.40 22.71 ± 6.45 24.65 ± 7.33
WC 72.31 ± 10.44 68.94 ± 9.78 69.84 ± 10.10
MM 39.74 ± 8.91 39.83 ± 8.61 39.20 ± 7.88
Patel et al. (59) NM 334 54.3 ± 11.7 43.7 Unknown T1D patients NA BMI 28.90 ± 5.90 28.70 ± 5.90
Weight 70.60 ± 16 70.10 ± 16
Sahin et al. (60) NM 88 57 ± 9.6 32.8 Unknown T2D patients NA BMI 36.32 ± 15.33 35.71 ± 11.47
Weight 89.96 ± 17.20 89.22 ± 16.68
WC 106.97 ± 15.57 106.06 ± 14.04
Shariatpanahi et al. (61) Iran 55 34.1 ± 8.9 100 15 h 54 min Individuals with metabolic syndrome NA BMI 27.62 ± 3.39 26.87 ± 3.36
Weight 80.69 ± 12.27 78.73 ± 12.05
WC 94.81 ± 7.80 91.98 ± 7.70
Shehab et al. (62) UAE 60 38.7 ± 10.5 68 14 h 19 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 27.83 ± 4.85 27.56 ± 4.75 27.76 ± 4.81
Weight 78.58 ± 16.10 77.63 ± 15.89 78.17 ± 16.14
WC 91.71 ± 14.14 89.31 ± 14.55 90.35 ± 14.08
Sulu et al. (15) Turkey 45 28.7 ± NM 51.1 16 h 22 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 26.2 ± 5.20 26.1 ± 5.30
Syam et al. (63) Indonesia 43 34 ± 11.3 16 13 h 11 min Healthy subjects ↓ BMI 23.71 ± 3.90 23.35 ± 3.96
Weight 59.82 ± 11.25 58.95 ± 11.20
FM 17 ± 6.42 16.52 ± 6.33
TBW 30.81 4.9 30.5 ± 4.8
Ghania et al. (64) NM 80 56 ± 8 38.8 Unknown T2D patients NA BMI 28.52 ± 4.44 28.83 ± 4.48
Weight 77.11 ± 11.96 77.73 ± 11.58
WC 95.98 ± 10.42 96.39 ± 10.25
Toony et al. (65) Egypt 200 50 ± 9.8 27 15 h 10 min T2D patients NA BMI 32.27 ± 6.30 32.82 ± 6.30 32.83 ± 6.30
Weight 79.24 ± 14.50 78.67 ± 16.20 79.29 ± 14.5
WC 99.17 ± 13.10 99.02 ± 13 98.82 ± 12.90
Yarahmadi et al. (66) Iran 57 NM 29.8 11 h 18 min T2D patients NA BMI 28.80 ± 4.56 27.35 ± 4.03 28.83 ± 4.99
WHR 0.867 ± 0.77 0.865 ± 0.79 0.866 ± 0.77
Shariatpanahi et al. (67) Iran 65 40.1 ± 10.8 100 Unknown Individuals with metabolic syndrome NA BMI 28.62 ± 4.79 27.87 ± 3.34
WC 96.41 ± 8.22 93.80 ± 6.40
Khan et al. (48) Pakistan 75 52.8 ± 8.5 50.7 13 h 37 min T2D patients NA Weight 71.43 ± 15.45 69.41 ± 11.55 70.16 ± 11.37
WC 98.16 ± 10.13 97.84 ± 9.24 98.8 ± 8.82
HC 102.26 ± 10.42 103.79 ± 10.65 103.69 ± 10.08
WHR 0.96 ± 0.07 0.95 ± 0.07 0.96 ± 0.08
Imtiaz et al. (68) Pakistan 34 47.7 ± 14.6 64.7 15 h CKD patients NA Weight 59.30 ± 13.40 59.4 ± 13.70
Laajam (69) Saudi Arabia 39 51.5 ± 10.3 25.6 Unknown T2D patients NA Weight 77.10 ± 18.17 76.50 ± 18.11
Pathan and Patil (70) India 30 NM 100 Unknown Healthy subjects NA Weight 61.90 ± 11.39 60.56 ± 10.74
Traore et al. (71) Mali 25 48.5 ± 6.8 44 13 h 46 min T2D patients NA Weight 84.20 ± 10.20 83 ± 9.80 83.10 ± 10.20
Abdullah et al. (72) Yemen 98 NM 100 14 h 22 min T2D patients NA BMI 24.2 ± 4.3 24.16 ± 4.18
WC 94.4 ± 11.3 94.3 ± 11.25
Al-Rawi et al. (73) UAE 57 38.4 ± 70.1 15 h 13 min Overweight/obese subjects — Weight 88.3 ± 16.2 86.7 ±15.7
BMI 29.9 ± 5.02 29.4 ± 4.9
WC 98.6 ± 13.7 97.2 ± 13
HC 110.1 ± 9.5 108.6 ± 8.9
TBW 44 ± 7.3 43.8 ± 7
FP 29.5 ± 7.1 28.6 ± 7.3
FM 26.5 ± 9.5 25.3 ± 9.4
FFM 61.8 10.4 60.9 ± 11
MM 58.7 9.9 58.4 ± 9.6
Das et al. (74) India 75 NM 100 Unknown Healthy subjects NA Weight 57.6 ± 15.13 62 ± 15.1
BMI 24.1 ± 6.4 26 ± 6.3
Farag et al. (75) Iraq 120 37.5 ± 6.6 50 15 h 19 min hypertensive patients NA Weight 82.9 ± 15.6 79.4 ± 15.6
BMI 32.9 ± 5.1 31.5 ± 5.3
WC 108.8 ± 10.12 106.3 ± 10.1
Gad et al. (76) Egypt 40 46 ± 9 32.5 14 h 22 min Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients NA BMI 30.9 ± 2.42 29.4 ± 1.93
Harbuwono et al. (77) Indonesia 37 53.05 ± 6.9 45.9 13 h 9 min T2D patients NA Weight 65.41 ± 11.46 65.6 ± 11.9
BMI 26.77 ± 4.52 26.76 ± 4.65
Ismail et al. (78) Egypt 300 54.23 ± 8.8 44 15 h 10 min T2D patients NA BMI 28.59 ± 3.69 27.9 ± 3.39
Jahrami et al. (79) Bahrain 50 43.28 ± 10 100 14 h 40 min Diagnosed with major depressive disorder NA Weight 82.04 ± 12.19 80.6 ± 12.25
BMI 29.47 ± 6.45 28.9 ± 6.39
WC 93.2 ± 10.2 92.62 ± 10.3
HC 100.76 ± 11.05 100.7 ± 11.1
WHR 0.93 ± 0.16 0.93 ± 0.17
FP 29.48 8.56 28.74 ± 8.42
FM 29.9 ± 9.31 30.92 ± 2.88
López-Bueno et al. (80) North Africa 62 33.6 ± 12.7 0 15 h 26 min Healthy subjects NA Weight 67.2 ± 14.1 66.1 ± 14
BMI 26.3 ± 5.8 25.8 ± 5.6
WC 90.1 ±12.4 89.4 ±12.4
HC 99 ± 12.7 98.1 ± 12.7
TBW 31.3 ± 3.4 31.1 ± 3.3
FP 32.1 ± 9.4 31.4 ± 9.5
FM 22.8 ± 10.7 22 ± 10.5
WHR 0.9 ± 0 0.9 ± 0
MM 42.2 ± 3.9 42.3 ± 3.8
Mohamed et al. (81) Saudi Arabia 289 42.3 ± 12.4 60.6 14 h 12 min T2D patients NA BMI 28.3 ± 6.27 27.43 ± 5.92
Mohammadzadeh et al. (82) Iran 30 41.57 ± 2.5 80 10 h 51 min Healthy subjects NA BMI 25.72 ± 3.17 25.25 ± 3.01
Urooj et al. (83) India 52 37.8 ± 12 48 12 h Healthy subjects NA Weight 71.65 ± 14.43 70.96 ± 14
BMI 27.45 ± 4.52 27.21 ± 3.18
FP 36.11 ± 10.24 36.36 ± 9.9
WHR 0.914 ± 0.06 0.92 ± 0.05
MM 30.5 ± 3.7 30.1 ± 3.6
Yazdanyar et al. (84) Iran 40 55.23 ± 9.3 17.5 15 h 53 min T2D patients NA Weight 74.9 ± 12.7 73 ± 13.1
BMI 29.9 ± 5.2 29 ± 5.1
WC 106.2 ± 11.8 105.3 ± 11.6
WHR 0.98 ± 0.05 0.97 ± 0.04
LORANS 2019 UK 82 45.4 ± 16 52.9 17 h 10 min General population — BMI 28.37 ± 4.84 27.61 ± 4.32
Weight 76.57 ± 13.60 74.58 ± 12.23
FM 23.39 ± 10.60 22.48 ± 10.05
FP 30.62 ± 11.03 30.09 ± 10.91
WC 95.88 ± 13.07 93.82 ± 11.87
HC 106.50 ± 9.57 102.32 ± 8.70
TBW 37.78 ± 7.86 35.8 ± 7.21

NM, not mentioned; NA, not applicable; *= whether caloric intake during Ramadan increased (↑), decreased (↓) or didn't change (—) compared to the month before or after.