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. 2022 Jul 4;45(1):221–232. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00614-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Odds ratio (95% CI) for the occurrence of frailty per each Plant-based Diet Index (1-unit increase), each food group, healthy plant food, unhealthy plant food, and animal food, over 3.3 years of follow-up in the Seniors ENRICA-1 cohort participants (N = 1880). Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, hPDI healthful Plant-based Diet Index, uPDI unhealthful Plant-based Diet Index. Adjusted for sex, age, educational level (primary, secondary, university), alcohol consumption, smoking status (current, former, never), BMI (< 25, 25–29.9, ≥ 30), energy intake, physical activity, prevalent diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease [myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure], chronic lung disease [asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease], osteomuscular disease [osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or hip fracture], cancer and depression), number of medicines consumed (0, 1–3, 4–6, > 6)