Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of older adults participating in the Seniors ENRICA-1 cohort by tertiles of plant-based diet indices (N = 1880)
| Healthful Plant-based Diet Index | Unhealthful Plant-based Diet Index | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (lowest) 41–55 p |
Tertile 2 56–61 p |
Tertile 3 (highest) 62–80 p |
Tertile 1 (lowest) 37–54 p |
Tertile 2 55–59 p |
Tertile 3 (highest) 60–75 p |
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| n (%) | 429 (22.82) | 765 (40.69) | 686 (36.49) | 879 (46.76) | 639 (33.99) | 362 (19.26) | 1880 (100) | |
| Index score, range (18–90), mean (SD) | 52.43 (2.62) | 58.60 (1.71) | 65.56 (3.22) | 50.32 (3.13) | 56.83 (1.37) | 62.38 (2.52) | hPDI 59.73 (5.63) |
uPDI 54.85 (5.32) |
| Sex, women, n (%) | 177 (41.26) | 385 (50.33) | 409 (59.62) | 425 (48.35) | 340 (53.21) | 206 (56.91) | 971 (51.65) | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 67.86 (6.29) | 69.33 (6.76) | 68.38 (5.91) | 68.02 (6.01) | 68.79 (6.59) | 69.93 (6.68) | 68.65 (6.38) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||
| ≤ Primary | 216 (50.35) | 414 (54.12) | 367 (53.50) | 443 (50.40) | 347 (54.30) | 207 (57.18) | 997 (53.03) | |
| Secondary | 120 (27.97) | 186 (24.31) | 163 (23.76) | 220 (25.03) | 163 (25.51) | 86 (23.76) | 469 (24.95) | |
| University | 93 (21.68) | 165 (21.57) | 156 (22.74) | 216 (24.57) | 129 (20.19) | 69 (19.06) | 414 (22.02) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Current | 62 (14.45) | 97 (12.68) | 62 (9.04) | 102 (11.60) | 72 (11.27) | 47 (12.98) | 221 (11.76) | |
| Former | 137 (31.93) | 233 (30.46) | 207 (30.17) | 299 (34.02) | 195 (30.52) | 83 (22.93) | 577 (30.69) | |
| Never | 230 (53.61) | 435 (56.86) | 417 (60.79) | 478 (54.38) | 372 (58.22) | 232 (64.09) | 1082 (57.55) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | ||||||||
| < 25 | 71 (16.55) | 150 (19.61) | 147 (21.43) | 174 (19.80) | 118 (18.47) | 76 (20.99) | 368 (19.57) | |
| 25–29.9 | 212 (49.42) | 391 (51.11) | 334 (48.69) | 430 (48.92) | 338 (52.90) | 169 (46.69) | 937 (49.69) | |
| ≥ 30 | 146 (34.03) | 224 (29.28) | 205 (29.88) | 275 (31.29) | 183 (28.64) | 117 (32.32) | 575 (30.59) | |
| Energy intake, kcal/day, mean (SD) | 2335 (550) | 2053 (554) | 1815 (499) | 2142 (566) | 1971 (545) | 1863 (559) | 2031 (569) | |
| Alcohol intake, servings/day, mean (SD) | 1.35 (2.09) | 1.03 (1.74) | 0.89 (1.61) | 1.06 (1.70) | 1.07 (1.82) | 0.99 (1.94) | 1.05 (1.79) | |
| Physical activity, METs*h/wk, mean (SD) | 20.97 (15.82) | 21.78 (15.32) | 22.29 (15.16) | 22.78 (15.45) | 20.77 (14.20) | 21.14 (17.01) | 21.78 (15.38) | |
| Prevalent diseases, n (%) | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular diseasea | 22 (5.13) | 39 (5.10) | 36 (5.25) | 45 (5.12) | 34 (5.32) | 18 (4.97) | 97 (5.16) | |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 74 (17.25) | 117 (15.29) | 93 (13.56) | 129 (14.68) | 103 (16.12) | 52 (14.36) | 284 (15.11) | |
| Cancer | 9 (2.10) | 13 (1.70) | 12 (1.75) | 18 (2.05) | 8 (1.25) | 8 (2.21) | 34 (1.81) | |
| Chronic lung diseaseb | 24 (5.59) | 68 (8.89) | 51 (7.43) | 63 (7.17) | 47 (7.36) | 33 (9.12) | 143 (7.61) | |
| Osteomuscular diseasec | 188 (43.82) | 366 (47.84) | 339 (49.42) | 409 (46.53) | 311 (48.67) | 173 (47.79) | 893 (47.50) | |
| Depression | 33 (7.69) | 51 (6.67) | 54 (7.87) | 60 (6.83) | 44 (6.89) | 34 (9.39) | 138 (7.34) | |
| Medicines per day, n (%) | ||||||||
| 0 | 121 (28.21) | 202 (26.41) | 181 (26.38) | 236 (26.85) | 167 (26.13) | 101 (27.90) | 504 (26.81) | |
| 1–3 | 233 (54.31) | 399 (52.16) | 361 (52.62) | 469 (53.36) | 342 (53.52) | 182 (50.28) | 993 (52.82) | |
| 4–6 | 68 (15.85) | 146 (19.08) | 118 (17.20) | 142 (16.15) | 120 (18.78) | 70 (19.34) | 332 (17.66) | |
| > 6 | 7 (1.63) | 18 (2.35) | 26 (3.79) | 32 (3.64) | 10 (1.56) | 9 (2.49) | 51 (2.71) | |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, p points, SD standard deviation
aIncluding myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure
bIncluding asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
cIncluding osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hip fracture