Table 2.

Odds ratios (95% CI) for the occurrence of frailty by tertiles of plant-based diet indices and tertiles of total servings of food groups consumed, over 3.3 years of follow-up in the Seniors ENRICA-1 cohort (N = 1880)

Plant-based diet indices or food groups consumed
	Tertile 1 (lowest)	Tertile 2	Tertile 3 (highest)	p-trend
Healthful Plant-based Diet Index
	41–55 p	56–61 p	62–80 p
n/N	30/309	54/701	52/870
Model 1a	Ref	0.51 (0.32–0.81)	0.44 (0.27–0.71)	0.001
Model 2b	Ref	0.51 (0.32–0.84)	0.42 (0.25–0.71)	0.002
Model 3c	Ref	0.51 (0.31–0.84)	0.43 (0.25–0.74)	0.003
Unhealthful Plant-based Diet Index
	37–54 p	55–59 p	60–75 p
n/N	34/764	55/772	47/344
Model 1a	Ref	1.71 (1.08–2.68)	2.68 (1.68–4.29)	< 0.001
Model 2b	Ref	1.80 (1.12–2.89)	2.84 (1.72–4.71)	< 0.001
Model 3c	Ref	1.81 (1.12–2.94)	2.89 (1.73–4.84)	< 0.001
Healthy plant foodsd
n/N	45/349	54/701	37/830
Model 1a	Ref	0.65 (0.41–1.01)	0.43 (0.27–0.69)	0.001
Model 2b	Ref	0.70 (0.43–1.12)	0.40 (0.23–0.67)	0.001
Model 3c	Ref	0.71 (0.44–1.15)	0.39 (0.23–0.66)	< 0.001
Unhealthy plant foodse
n/N	49/717	52/737	35/426
Model 1a	Ref	1.18 (0.77–1.81)	1.74 (1.07–2.83)	0.032
Model 2b	Ref	1.50 (0.93–2.42)	2.40 (1.24–4.64)	0.009
Model 3c	Ref	1.52 (0.93–2.48)	2.40 (1.23–4.71)	0.010
Animal foodsf
n/N	56/704	47/677	33/499
Model 1a	Ref	0.98 (0.64–1.50)	1.20 (0.75–1.94)	0.502
Model 2b	Ref	0.85 (0.54–1.35)	0.95 (0.54–1.66)	0.786
Model 3c	Ref	0.81 (0.51–1.30)	0.89 (0.50–1.57)	0.618

Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, p points, Ref. reference

^aModel 1: Adjusted for sex, age, educational level (primary, secondary, university), alcohol consumption

^bModel 2: Model 1 + smoking status (current, former, never), BMI (< 25, 25–29.9, ≥ 30), energy intake, physical activity

^cModel 3: Model 2 + and prevalent diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease [myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure], chronic lung disease [asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease], osteomuscular disease [osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or hip fracture], cancer and depression), medicines consumption (0, 1–3, 4–6, > 6)

^dHealthy plant foods: whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, vegetable oils, and coffee/tea

^eUnhealthy plant foods: fruit juices, sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grains, potatoes, and sweets/desserts

^fAnimal foods: fats, dairy products, eggs, fish and seafood, meat, and miscellaneous animal-based foods

Significance of bold entries is p < 0.05