Table 3.

Age-sex^* and multivariable adjusted† odds ratios (95% CI) for hearing loss^‡.

	Age-sex* adjusted		Multivariable† adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	P value	MVOR (95% CI)	P value
Diabetes
No diabetes	1.0 [Ref]		1.0 [Ref]
Diabetes	1.55 (1.29, 1.86)	< 0.001	1.58 (1.30, 1.93)	< 0.001
Prediabetes	0.95 (0.81, 1.11)	0.518	0.96 (0.81, 1.13)	0.624
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Optimal, SBP/DBP, < 120/ < 80	1.0 [Ref]		1.0 [Ref]
SBP, 120–139 or DBP 80–89	1.05 (0.90, 1.23)	0.525	1.01 (0.85, 1.21)	0.881
SBP 140–159 or DBP 90–99	1.13 (0.92, 1.38)	0.236	1.11 (0.89, 1.38)	0.365
SBP/DBP, ≥ 160/ ≥ 100 or medication use	1.24 (1.03, 1.5)	0.020	1.20 (0.98, 1.47)	0.078
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
Optimal, < 180	1.0 [Ref]		1.0 [Ref]
180–199	1.00 (0.82, 1.23)	0.962	0.98 (0.79, 1.21)	0.829
200–239	1.11 (0.93, 1.33)	0.258	1.11 (0.91, 1.34)	0.305
≥ 240 mg/dL (or statin use)	1.14 (0.96, 1.34)	0.128	1.13 (0.95, 1.35)	0.175
Tobacco smoking
Never	1.0 [Ref]		1.0 [Ref]
Current	1.93 (1.47, 2.56)	< 0.001	2.02 (1.52, 2.71)	< 0.001
Former	1.18 (1.03, 1.35)	0.016	1.11 (0.96, 1.28)	0.165
CVD risk factor burden§
All RF optimal	1.0 [Ref]		1.0 [Ref]
≥ 1 risk factor not optimal	1.18 (0.89, 1.56)	0.250	1.20 (0.89, 1.63)	0.241
≥ 1 risk factor elevated	1.26 (0.96, 1.65)	0.097	1.31 (0.98, 1.76)	0.069
1 major risk factor	1.48 (1.14, 1.91)	0.003	1.44 (1.09, 1.91)	0.011
≥ 2 major RF	2.19 (1.68, 2.86)	< 0.001	2.23 (1.67, 3.00)	< 0.001

Significant values are in italics.

DBP diastolic blood pressure, MVOR multivariable adjusted odds ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure.

*All CVD risk factors are covariates in individual risk factor models.

^†Adjusted for age, sex, noise exposure, hearing aid use, and BMI. Individual risk factors are covariates in individual risk factor models.

^‡Defined as PTA_0.5,1,2,4 > 20 dB HL in the worse ear.

^§Defined as per Table 1.