Fig. 7.
Treatment with a PMM2 activator optimizes the therapeutic potential of mannose. A Colon organoids were treated with CoSN in the presence of epalrestat, mannose or both for 24 h. Organoid viability was evaluated by an MTT assay. B–D Mice were fed 2.5% DSS in combination with the administration of epalrestat, mannose or both. Body weight (B), colon length (C) and histological damage (D) were measured. E The levels of ERS markers in IECs were analyzed by QPCR. F TNF-α production in colon tissues was evaluated by ELISA. G Macrophages were treated with LPS in the presence of epalrestat, mannose or both for 12 h, and TNF-α production was evaluated by ELISA. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs. *Ctrl vs. Man; &Ctrl vs. Epal. #Man vs. Epal+Man. *, &p < 0.05; **, ##p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test