Table 2.

Mendelian randomization estimates of the associations between unhealthy lifestyle and risk of DR.

Exposure	IVW method (fixed-effect)		MR-Egger		Weighted median method
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Smoking
Age Of Smoking Initiation	1.19(0.68,2.08)	0.546	0.43(0.04,5.00)	0.532	1.17(0.54,2.55)	0.691
Cigarettes per day	1.16(1.05,1.28)	0.003*	1.15(0.93,1.42)	0.221	1.20(1.04,1.38)	0.010*
Ever smoked	0.77(0.49,1.22)	0.267	0.24(0.02,2.73)	0.251	0.61(0.30,1.25)	0.177
Alcohol intake
Alcohol intake frequency	1.09(0.96,1.25)	0.182	0.73(0.43,1.23)	0.242	1.05(0.85,1.29)	0.681
Alcoholic drinks per week	0.96(0.7,1.32)	0.808	0.93(0.43,2.00)	0.854	0.92(0.56,1.50)	0.729
Obesity
Body mass index	1.42(1.3,1.54)	<0.001*	1.65 (1.25,2.18)	0.0005*	1.40 (1.22,1.61)	<0.001*
Waist circumference	0.92(0.8,1.06)	0.229	0.96(0.50,1.84)	0.904	0.93(0.76,1.15)	0.508
Hip circumference	0.85(0.76,0.95)	0.004*	0.94(0.62,1.43)	0.775	0.83(0.70,0.98)	0.033*
Waist-to-hip ratio	1.15(0.97,1.36)	0.115	0.99(0.36,2.70)	0.990	1.18(0.92,1.52)	0.192

IVW, inverse‐variance weighted; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.