Table 2.
Fertility studies related to the pineal gland activity.
| Authors (reference) | Type of study | Study design | Aim | Results | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Espino et al. (25) |
in vivo human female |
Clinical experiment | Assessment of the effect of melatonin administration on reproduction during the use of an assisted reproductive protocol | The study group showed a higher percentage of pregnancies and live births | Melatonin may be a fertility-enhancing drug in women |
| Mokhtari et al. (26) |
in vivo human female |
Double-blinded randomized clinical trial | Assessment of the effect of melatonin administration on the fertility of women suffering from PCOS | The study group showed a higher percentage of pregnancies | Melatonin can potentially increase a chance of pregnancy |
| Celik et al. (27) |
in vivo human female |
Clinical experiment | Determining the relationship between melatonin concentration and the occurrence of cholestasis in pregnant women | Lower melatonin concentration was observed in the group of women with cholestasis | Melatonin concentration may be a predictor of the occurrence of maternal cholestasis |
| Hobson et al. (28) |
in vivo human female |
Clinical experiment | Assessment of melatonin use in pre-eclampsia | Blood pressure was lower in the study group | Melatonin can be used in pre-eclampsia to lower blood pressure |
| Zhang et al. (29) |
in vivo animal (mouse) female |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the effect of melatonin concentration on female reproductive performance | Melatonin deficiency reduces the gonads and reproductive potential of females | The decreased melatonin concentration reduces the reproductive potential |
| Lv et al. (30) |
in vivo animal (mouse) female |
Animal medical experiment | Assessment of the effect of melatonin and leptin on female reproductive potential | Blocking the melatonin mt1 receptor causes a decrease in the concentration of leptin and steroid hormones | Melatonin is involved in leptin-mediated regulation of steroid hormone level |
| Lombardo et al. (31) |
in vivo animal (Fundulus heteroclitus) female |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the influence of melatonin concentration on the survival of the embryo | There is a positive correlation between melatonin concentration and embryo survival | The higher the melatonin concentration, the higher the probability of embryo survival |
| Zhang et al. (32) |
in vivo animal (mouse) female |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the influence of the MTNR1A polymorphism on the reproductive potential of females | Melatonin has a positive effect on reproduction | Higher melatonin levels may positively affect fertility |
| Cosso et al. (33) |
in vivo animal (ewe lamb) female |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the effect of melatonin administration on female reproduction | Higher fertility and an earlier first estrus were shown in the study group | Melatonin may be a fertility enhancer for llamas |
| Song et al. (34) |
in vivo animal (mice) female |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the effect of melatonin administration on female reproduction | The study group showed a decrease in ovarian aging, higher fertility and oocyte quality | Melatonin may increase fertility in mice |
| Dholpuria et al. (35) |
in vivo animal (camel) female |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the effect of melatonin-releasing implants on female fertility | The study group showed a higher percentage of pregnancies | Melatonin may be a fertility drug for camels |
| Peng et al. (36) |
in vivo animal (pig) female |
Animal medical experiment | Assessment of the effect of melatonin on the course of pregnancy | Melatonin increases the expression of antioxidant factors | Melatonin supplementation may have a positive effect on the maintenance of pregnancy |
| Arend et al. (37) |
in vivo animal (swine) female |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the effect of melatonin administration on female reproduction | The study group showed a higher percentage of surviving pregnancies | Melatonin may be a fertility enhancer in pigs |
| Bai et al. (38) |
in vivo animal (sheep) female |
Animal medical experiment | Assessment of the effect of melatonin on the immune system functioning in pregnant females | Cd4 and mtnr1a expression was higher in samples taken from the immune system in early pregnancy | Melatonin has been linked to changes in the immune system functioning during pregnancy |
| Gunwant et al. (39) |
in vivo animal (water buffalo) female |
Animal medical experiment | Determination of the influence of MTNR1A receptor polymorphism on reproductive potential | The reproductive potential varies depending on the MTNR1A gene variant | Melatonin receptor polymorphism affects the occurrence of fertility periods |
| Fathy et al. (40) |
in vivo animal (sheep breeds) female |
Animal medical experiment | Assessment of the influence of MTNR1A and AA-NAT polymorphism on reproductive potential | The reproductive potential varies with the polymorphism | The MTNR1A and AA-NAT polymorphism affects the age of the first estrus |
| Mura et al. (41) |
in vivo animal (Sarda ewes) female |
Animal medical experiment | Assessment of the influence of MTNR1A polymorphism on reproductive potential | The reproductive potential varies depending on the MTNR1A gene variant | MTNR1A polymorphism affects fertility |
| do Nascimento Marinho et al. (42) |
in vivo animal (rats) female |
Animal medical experiment | Determination of the protective effect of melatonin when exposed to pesticides during pregnancy | The genetic changes caused by exposure to cypermethrin were reduced in the study group | Melatonin can be used as a drug to protect against the negative effects of cypermethrin, but it is not effective in reversing the effect of methomyl |
| Huang et al. (43) |
in vivo animal (mouse) female |
Animal medical experiment | Determination of the melatonin protective effect on the ovaries during the use of cisplatin | Ovarian toxicity of cisplatin is decreased when melatonin is used during chemotherapy | Melatonin can be used in a protective way during cisplatin administration to preserve fertility |
| de Almeida (44) |
in vivo animal (rats) female |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the effect of melatonin on fertility after exposure to herbicides in female rats | The study group showed a higher percentage of pregnancies and fetal survival | Melatonin can be used as protection against herbicide exposure |
| de Sousa Coelho et al. (45) |
in vivo animal (rats) female |
Animal medical experiment | Determination of the protective effect of melatonin on the fetus exposed to ethanol | Melatonin reduces the defects caused by exposure of the fetus to ethanol | Melatonin can be used to prevent fas |
| Wang et al. (46) |
in vivo animal (mouse) male |
Animal medical experiment | Determination of the melatonin protective effect on the testes during the use of paclitaxel | The sperm quality increases after the use of melatonin during treatment with paclitaxel | Melatonin can be used in a protective way during paclitaxel administration to preserve fertility |
| El Gheit et al. (47) |
in vivo animal (rat) male |
Animal medical experiment | Evaluation of the effectiveness of melatonin in the treatment of varicocele | Less histopathological changes in the testicle were found in the melatonin group | Melatonin can be used as an adjunct therapy for varicocele to reduce damage to the testes |