Table 5.

Pancreatic-related fertility studies.

Authors (reference)	Type of study	Study design	Aim	Results	Conclusion
Wang et al. (173)	in vivo human female	Prospective cohort study	Evaluation of the impact of insulin resistance on IVF outcomes in women without PCOS	The percentage of mature oocytes and the rate of blastocyst formation were significantly lower in the IR group compared to the group without IR	In lean infertile women without PCOS, insulin resistance is associated with a reduced percentage of mature eggs and poor embryo quality, in which pancreatic B-cell immunity may play a role
Mekaru et al. (174)	in vivo human female	Retrospective study	Evaluation of whether insulin resistance in patients without PCOS affects the results of in vitro fertilization and pregnancy	There were no differences in response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, number of oocytes retrieved, conception rate, pregnancy rate, live birth rate, and incidence of gestational diabetes in women with and without insulin resistance	Insulin resistance in patients without PCOS has no impact on IVF outcomes or perinatal prognosis
Li et al. (175)	in vivo human female	Retrospective study	Assessment of the importance of central obesity on the effectiveness of IVF	Women with central obesity had significantly more endocrine and metabolic disorders and required significantly higher doses of gonadotropins, longer duration of ovarian stimulation	Central obesity negatively affects the effectiveness of IVF
Issa et al. (176)	in vivo human female	Case study	Case presentation	Severe hypertriglyceridemia and secondary acute pancreatitis and diabetic ketoacidosis have occurred following in vitro fertilization	IVF may be associated with hypertriglyceridemia with secondary acute pancreatitis
Vuguin et al. (177)	in vivo animal (mouse) female	Animal medical experiment	Assessment of the importance of glucagon in the regulation of fetal growth and maturation	Deletion of the GLU receptor negatively affected fetal survival and in adult animals resulted in a change in the β/α cell ratio	Glucagon plays an important role in embryogenesis
Saleh et al. (178)	in vivo human male	Comparative study	Assessment of the importance of insulin resistance and irisin concentration in the etiology of male idiopathic infertility	Infertile patients had higher HOMA-IR and lower irisin compared to controls	Insulin resistance is one of the potential factors of idiopathic male infertility
Izzi-Engbeaya et al. (179)	in vivo human male	Randomized controlled trial	Evaluation of the effect of glucagon administration on the secretion of sex hormones in healthy young men	There were no significant differences in circulating LH, FSH or testosterone levels, although glucagon administration had a metabolic effect	Intravenous administration of glucagon does not affect the secretion of sex hormones in healthy men