Table 2.
Associations between TCEs and incident T2DM, overall and by race/ethnicity, The Sister Study (2003–2019)
| Total | White* | Black† | Hispanic/Latina‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, N or n (%) | 42,173 (100.0) | 37,186 (88.2) | 3,138 (7.4) | 1,849 (4.4) | ||||
| Cases of T2DM per person-years of follow-up, n | 3,158/470,226 | 2,479/421,256 | 461/30,709 | 218/18,261 | ||||
| Incidence per 10,000 person-years | 67/10,000 | 59/10,000 | 150/10,000 | 119/10,000 | ||||
| TCE at age <18 years | % with TCE and HR (95% CI) of T2DM | |||||||
| No trauma | 49.8 | 1.00 (reference) | 50.1 | 1.00 (reference) | 46.8 | 1.00 (reference) | 48.9 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Any trauma§ | 50.2 | 1.13 (1.04, 1.22) | 49.9 | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) | 53.2 | 1.09 (0.90, 1.33) | 51.1 | 1.64 (1.21, 2.22) |
| Psychological/emotional trauma‖ | 33.7 | 1.16 (1.06, 1.27) | 33.5 | 1.14 (1.02, 1.26) | 35.6 | 1.05 (0.85, 1.31) | 34.4 | 1.59 (1.14, 2.22) |
| Household dysfunction | 18.1 | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | 18.1 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 19.4 | 1.13 (0.87, 1.47) | 15.6 | 1.78 (1.18, 2.67) |
| Sexual trauma | 16.0 | 1.19 (1.06, 1.33) | 15.8 | 1.14 (1.00, 1.29) | 19.0 | 1.19 (0.92, 1.53) | 16.5 | 1.81 (1.20, 2.70) |
| Physical trauma§ | 5.9 | 1.35 (1.16, 1.58) | 5.7 | 1.46 (1.22, 1.74) | 7.5 | 0.82 (0.54, 1.24) | 7.3 | 1.61 (0.93, 2.79) |
| Natural disaster | 3.3 | 1.24 (1.02, 1.51) | 3.0 | 1.25 (0.98, 1.58) | 5.1 | 1.02 (0.65, 1.59) | 5.5 | 1.95 (1.12, 3.40) |
| Major accident | 3.4 | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | 3.4 | 1.16 (0.91, 1.48) | 3.3 | 0.82 (0.45, 1.47) | 4.2 | 1.53 (0.73, 3.21) |
| Major illness‖ | 2.7 | 1.46 (1.19, 1.79) | 2.8 | 1.37 (1.09, 1.73) | 2.4 | 1.91 (1.10, 3.31) | 1.9 | 1.46 (0.55, 3.88) |
| High versus low trauma category | 12.6 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.27) | 12.4 | 1.20 (1.05, 1.36) | 14.6 | 0.86 (0.65, 1.14) | 13.0 | 1.08 (0.72, 1.62) |
Models are adjusted for childhood region of residence (Northeast, Midwest, South, West, Puerto Rico or outside Puerto Rico and the United States) and childhood socioeconomic status (i.e., food insecurity while growing up, low educational attainment in childhood household, and low-income household). Models for the total population are additionally adjusted for race/ethnicity. Bolded values indicate statistical significance at a two-sided P < 0.05.
White refers to participants who self-identified as non-Hispanic White.
Black refers to participants who self-identified as non-Hispanic Black/African American.
Latina refers to participants who self-identified as any race and Hispanic/Latina ethnicity.
P < 0.05 for TCE by race/ethnicity interaction term.
P < 0.10 for TCE by race/ethnicity interaction term. TCE, traumatic childhood experience; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.